Indian National Movement/The freedom movement

A. O. Hume

Retired civil servant and a Theosophist called on educated Indian s to, organized themselves and work for national progress. For this progress he established the Indian National union in 1884 A.D. Which became Indian national Congress in 1885 A.D.

The first session of Indian National congress in 1885 at Bombay presided by W.C. Bannerji.

Works of Indian National Congress

Determined to create national consciousness among the Indians ,who were divided on the basis of caste ,religion ,language and provincial considerations.

Aimed at placing the demands of the people before the government and urge for their fulfillment.

Created public opinion in favour of various national issues.

The Moderates

The congress leader who believed in bringing about a political change through the constitutional means were called moderates.

Leaders :M.G. Ranade, Surendra Nath Banarjee,Dadabahai Naoroji,Gopal Krishna Gokhale,Badrudin Tyabaji.

Methods /Aims/Demands

1.Securing representation for the Indians in higher administrative posts.

2.They urged for the expansion of legislature with more elected and less nominated members.

3.They agitated for strengthening of Indian agriculture and industries by

imposing import duties on foreign goods.

4.Insisted on holding the Civil Service Examinations simultaneously in India and England.

Steps of Moderates

Organized public meetings, submitted memorandums to the Government.

Sent delegations to England.

Laid great stress on social reforms in India.

Educated the people regarding the national issues and created awareness in the minds of the people over such issues.

Dadabahai Naoroji(Grand old man/father of India)	(2marks)

Explain the British rule alone was responsible for poverty in India.

Reason for Indian poverty/ The Drain Theory(Explain The Drain Theory)

The resources of India were transferred to England in the form of adverse balance of payment on account of more imports and less exports.

Profits earned on the British capital,the transfer of assets by Englishmen working in India.

The pensions of the British officers drained the country of its wealth.

The Extremists

The leader who brought the agitation from the floor of the councils to street s of India is called Extrimists.

Leaders: Arabindo Ghosh ,Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Works of The Extremists

Tilak annonced that “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it”.He said that The British must be thrown out of the country and the path of struggle was indespensable.

Extrimists opposed the partitioned of Bengal in 1905.

Tilak started news papers like Kesari and Maratha encouraged people to fight against the British.

Up held extreme nationalism.

To awakened national feelings among the people Tilak organized Shivaji Jayanthi and Ganesh Chathurthi .

Explain the works of Bala Gangadhar Tilak

Tilak annonced that “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it”.

He said that The British must be thrown out of the country and the path of struggle was indespensable.

He opposed the partitioned of Bengal in 1905.

Tilak started news papers like Kesari and Maratha encouraged people to fight against the British.

He up held extreme nationalism.

Tilak organized Shivaji Jayanthi and Ganesh Chathurthi to awakened national feelings among the people.

Who partitioned of Bengal in 1905​​ ?

British viceroy Curzon.

Which was the two news papers started by Tilak for the purpose of encouraging people fight against The British?

Kesari (in marathi language) and Maratha in (English language)

Why did the Extrimists leaders thrown out of the Congress?

They opposed Bengal Partition and used the agitation method against Englis so the moderates did not accept the extrimists.So They thrown out of the Congress in 1907 Surat Session.

Congress split first time in 1907 at ------ session.

Surat

Who supported the division of Bengal ?

Muslim League.

When was Muslim League founded?

1906.

Revolutionaries

Small groups of people operating secretly resorted to violent methods to throw the British out of the country is called the Revolutionaries.

Leaders:KhudiramBose,Ramprasad Bismill, V.D. Savarkar,Chandrashekhar Azad	Bhagat Singh.

Methods:They used weapons like bombs and pistols.

They attacked government officers ,offices and destroyed records

Difference between	Moderates &Extremists

Moderates	Extremists
Believed in bringing about a political change through the constitution.	Leader who brought the agitation from the floor of the councils to streets of India.
Leaders :M.G. Ranade, Surendra Nath Banarjee,Dadabahai Naoroji,Gopal Krishna Gokhale,Badrudin Tyabaji.	Leaders: Arabindo Ghosh ,Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Organized public meetings, submitted memorandums to the Government. Sent delegations to England.	Used agitation method and said that The British must be thrown out of the country and the path of struggle was indespensable.
Educated the people regarding the national issues and created awareness in the minds of the people over such issues.	To awakened national feelings among the people organized Shivaji Jayanthi and Ganesh Chathurthi

The Gandhian Era 1920-1947

Mahatma Gandhi entered the Indian National movement in 1920

The 1919 reform(Mantague -Chemsford) did not grant responsible government to the Indians.

Jallianwalla Bagh tragedy 1919 April

Peaceful public meating was fired upon ,which killed more than 300 people .

Nagpur Congress session 1920

Passed the resolution against Jallianwalla Bagh tragedy

Who launched Non-Cooperation Movement in 1921?

Mahatma Gandhi

Who launched Sathyagraha in1921? What do you mean by Sathyagraha?

Mahatma Gandhi

Sathyagraha means non-violent passive resistance .

Expalin the theories used by Mahatma Gandhi in National movement?

1.Sathyagraha

2.Swadeshi Andholan

3.Urged the use of Khadi/khaddar,hand spun and hand woven cloth.

4.Upheld the Hindhu -Muslim unity

5.Eradication of untouchability.

Non -Cooperation Movement

Gandhiji started in 1921

The leaders of Khilafat movement Shaukat Ali and Mohammed Ali secured help of Gandhiji .

Many patriotic Indians returned the titles conferred on them.

Advocates gave up their practice and joined the movement.

Students came out of government schools and colleges .

National Institutions were started.

Congress Boycotted the election.

In 1922 by the Chauri Chaura incident Gandhi stoped the Non-Cooperation movement.

More details

Chauri Chaura incident and Gandhi ! ~ IAS OUR DREAMChauri Chaura is a small village in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh. On 5 February 1922.

Why did Gandhi stoped / called of the Non-Cooperation movement in 1922?

or Explain

Chauri Chaura Incident?

At the time on Non-Cooperation movement in 1922 the police fired upon the procession of the people at Chauri Chaura a small vilage in Uttar Pradesh.

Enraged by this ,the people burnt the police station which caused the death of 22 policemen .pained by the violence Gandhiji called off or stoped the Non-Cooperation movement.

Swaraj Party

Founder: Chitaranjan Das and Mothilal Nehru.

Year:1922

Reason: Un happy over the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation movement by Gandhiji.

Method of works:By contesting elections opposed the government from within the legislature.

Simon Commission 1927

Why did the British Government appointed the Simon Commission in 1927?

To console the agitating Indians and to consider further constitutional reforms,

British Government appointed the Simon Commission in 1927.

Why the Indians Boycott the Simon Commission ?

Because

All the members of the Simon Commission were Englishmen, and any Indian did not member in that commission.

What was the effect of Simon Commission?

Strong protest demonstration all over the country during the commission visit.

Lala Lajpat Rai died in the police lathi charge.(reason for death of Lala Lajpat Rai )

Why did Congress apointed a committee under the leadership by Mothilal Nehru?

After the protest of Simon Commission the British challenging the Indians to come up with an alternative proposal.So Congress apointed a committee under the leadership by Mothilal Nehru in 1928.

Mothilal Nehru committee recommended ------ for the Indians.

Ans: Complete Indipendence.

Poorna Swaraj 1929 (Complete Indipendence)

Jawahar Lal Nehru declared in 1929 Lahore Congress session Poorna Swaraj its goal.

Congress announced the celebrate January 26 ,1930 as the Indipendence Day.

Who authorized Mahatma Gandhi to lead the Civil Disobedience Movement with Salt Sathyagraha?

Lahore Congress session in 1929.

Civil Disobedience Movement

Why Gandhiji started Civil Disobedience Movement ?

Or

Why Gandhiji started Salt Sathyagraha in 1930?

After declaration of complete independence Congress had keep the momentum,Gandhiji placed 11demands before the Viceroy, which included the abolition of salt tax.The Viceroy paid no attention to these demands.So Gandhiji started Civil Disobedience Movement by launching Salt Satyagraha.

Explain Civil Disobedience Movement .

1.Gandhiji started Salt Satyagraha from his Sabarmathi Ashram to Dandi near Surat in 1930

2.Gandhiji conducted long march and produced a handful of salt on March 12th in 1930 and distributed the people.

3.Sathyagrahi's arrested with Gandhiji.

4.In 1931 Gandhi -Irwin Pact was signed and the british released political prisoners.

5.After failuring Second Round Table Conference Gandhiji revived the Civil Disobedience Movement .

Explain Salt Satyagraha or Dandi Yatra

Held in 12th March 1930.

Gandhiji conducted long march from his Sabarmathi Ashram to Dandi near Surat and produced a handful of salt and distributed it to the people.

Thousands of satyaghrahi's along with Gandhiji arrested.

First Round Table Conference -1930

Second Round Table Conference-1931

Why did revived the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931?

Failuring Second Round Table Conference and no settlement held between Gandhiji and British Government .

Movement Against Untouchability 1932

or

Puna Pact-1932

To eradicate untouchability Gandhiji launched a movement against Untouchability in 1932 and signing the Puna Pact-1932 with Dr.B.R.Ambedkar

This Pact also against the separate electorate to the Scheduled Castes.

Result

1.Reservation for scheduled castes was increased.

2.Gandhiji toured Karnataka in 1934 and enlightened the people about

untouchability.

3.Gandhiji urged the people to throw open the temples ,public wells and tanks

for untouchables.

4.Gandhiji addressed untouchables as Harijans.

1935 Acts gave----------- to Indians.

Ans:political privileges.

Individual Satyagraha 1939

Started By Gandhiji

Reason:British made India a partner in the Second World War without consulting the Indians.So protest against this decision of the government Gandhiji launched Individual Satyagraha 1939.

Why did the Congress cabinet resigned in 1939?

Reason:British made India a partner in the Second World War without consulting the Indians.So protest against this decision of the government the Congress cabinet resigned in the seven provinces.

Cripps Mission

Why the British Government sent Cripps Mission to India?

The British government sent the Cripps Mission to negotiate Indian support for the Second World War.

Who proposed the granting of Dominion Status to India?

Cripps

Why the Congress rejected proposal of Cripps Mission , and started The Quit India Movement in 1942 ?

Because Cripps Mission proposed Dominion Status to India.

The Quit India Movement 8th August 1942

Explain The Quit India Movement

Congress adopted the Quit India Movement on 8th August 1942 .

To make the British quit ,Gandhiji called upon the Indians to 'Do or Die'.

Leaders like Gandhiji,Nehru and others arrested by the British on the 9th of August.

The Congress organization was banned ,and its offices were sealed.

No leader was at large to guide the movement.

People took law in to their hands and became violent.

Police stations were attacked .

Government offices were set on fire.

Post and revenue offices were destroyed.

Railway lines were removed and bridges destroyed.

Liquor shops attacked,telegraph wires were cut.

Jails were filled with freedom fighters.

Subhash Chandra Bose and INA

Expalin works of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and INA

First rank leader among the revolutionary patriots.

People endearingly call him 'Netaji'.

He joined the Non-Cooperation movement.

Subhash believed that only non-violence and negotiations will not secure freedom.

Wanted to raise an army and launched a war against the British.

At the time of II world War British kept him under house arrest in Calcutta,he escaped to Afghanistan and reached Germany.

He looked help of Hitler and Mussolini for the India's Freedom.

He reached Japan by German submarine and built INA (Indian National Army)by the help of Ras Bihari Bose.(INA- Indian National Army containing the people who settled down in South-East Asia,and the soldiers who surrender Japanese)

The INA hoisted the tricolour flag in the Andaman and Nicobar islands in 1943.

In 1944 it entered the Indian sub-continent and occupied Kohima and Imphal,captured 10,000 square miles of Manipur territory.

In 1945 Subhash died in an air crash, INA soldiers were arrested in August 1945.

Who supported Subhash Chandra Bose to built INA ?

Ras Bihari Bose a revolutionary patriot who settled in Japan who supported Subhash Chandra Bose built INA .

INA - Indian National Army

Built by Subhash Chandra Bose helped by Ras Bihari Bose a revolutionary patriot who settled in Japan .

The soldiers were indians who had settled down in South -East Asia and also the Indian Soldiers in the British Army who had surrendered to the Japanese.

Captain Lakshmi Sehegal was the leader of Women,s wing of the army.

Freedom and Partition of India.

Who demanded the creation of Pakistan?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League.(Believed in separate electorate and the two -nation theory).

When was the Mohammed Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League demanded a separate nation for the Muslims?

In 1940 at Lahore.

August offer

British to the Indians concessions offered during the Second World War.

August offer and Cripps Mission rejected by the Congress because:Seeds of partition of the country were seen in that offer.

The Quit India Movement was opposed by -----

Mohammed Ali Jinnah.

After the second world war ---- party came to power in England.

Labour Party.

After the second world war who was the new prime minister of England?

Clement Attlee.

Who deputed Cabinet Mission to India in 1946?

Clement Attlee, Prime minister of England .

Cabinet Mission -1946

Appointede by Clement Attlee, Prime minister of England in 1946 for the purpose of Independence to Indians.

The mission proposed for undivided India with a single legislature.

Direct Action Day-August 16,1946

Called by Mohammed Ali Jinnah.

Reason :The Cabinet Mission proposed for undivided India with a single legislature.( Why did Mohammed Ali Jinnah rejected Cabinet Mission and called Direct Action Day in August 16-1946.

The Viceroy who planned for partitioned India ans Pakistan-----

Lord Mountbatten.

Indian Independence Act- July 1947

British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act in July 1947.

The first Governor -General of Independent India ----

Lord Mountbatten(August 15-1947 – June 1948).

Gandhiji was assassinated on January 30th 1948.