Resource Book for MRP Cascade training - RMSA Subject Teachers Forum - IT for Change

''GeoGebra is an interactive software that is freely available which integrates algebra and geometry for education in schools''

Acknowledgement

This resource book is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License which makes it available for wide-scale, free, non-commercial reproduction and translation. Publisher - Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, with support from UNICEF

Author''' - '''Public Software Centre, IT for Change. Tel: +91 80 26536890 or 26654134 ext. 54 . Address: India. www.itforchange.net
 * 393, 17th Main, 35th Cross, Jayanagar 4th T Block, Bangalore 560041

September 2011, Bangalore, Karnataka

= 1 Understanding the Resource Prototype =

1.1.1 Why do we do Concept/Mind Mapping
'''Lateral thinking''' is solving problems through a non-hierarchical and creative approach, using reasoning that does not follow any particular hierarchy or sequence and involving ideas that may not be obtainable by using only traditional step-by-step logic. This also enables the teacher to make new connections within the subject and across subjects.

'''Vertical thinking''' is a type of approach to problems that usually involves one being selective, analytical, and sequential. It could be said that it is the opposite of lateral thinking. This is the type of thinking we have been following in our teaching/learning processes.

We are now in a digital world which has made large amount of information available to us through the Internet. Therefore there is a need for us to be able to process connect and make meaning of large amounts of information. Hence we need to start thinking laterally rather than vertically.

Mind mapping is a highly effective way of getting information in and out of your brain and to enable lateral thinking. Mind mapping is a creative and logical means of mapping out ideas based on a central theme.

'''The five essential characteristics of Mind Mapping:'''

Concept mapping can be used for for a number of different purposes
 * [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_m43240de1.png]]The 	main idea, subject or focus is made clear in a central image.
 * The main themes radiate from the central image 	as 'branches'.
 * The branches comprise a key image or key word drawn or 	printed on its associated line.
 * Topics of lesser importance are represented as 'twigs' 	of the relevant branch.
 * The branches form a connected nodal structure.
 * Possible to get into details without losing sight of 	the overall picture  While 	a mind map may have only one central theme, concept maps may 	have many interrelated main themes. Concept maps are tools for 	organizing and representing knowledge. They include concepts, 	usually enclosed in circles or boxes of some type, and relationships 	between concepts or propositions, indicated by a connecting line 	between two concepts. Words on these lines can be used to specify 	the nature of the relationships between different concepts.

'''Steps in constructing concept maps  '''Select or Focus on a theme and then identify related key words or phrases. What is the central word, concept, question or problem around which to build your diagram or concept map? What are the concepts, ideas, descriptive words or important questions that you can associate with the main concept, topic, question or problem?
 * to generate ideas (e.g. brain storming)
 * to design a complex structure
 * to communicate complex ideas
 * to illustrate the relationships between different 	components or processes
 * to aid learning by explicitly integrating new and old 	knowledge
 * to assess understanding
 * to diagnose misunderstanding

For more information on concept maps please see []
 * 1) Rank the concepts (key words) from the most abstract 	and inclusive to the most concrete and specific.
 * 2) Cluster (group) concepts that function at similar level 	of abstraction and those that closely interrelated.
 * 3) Arrange concepts in a diagrammatic representation.
 * 4) Add linking lines and where appropriate label lines 	with a qualifying word or phrase.
 * 5) Groups of people can work together on a concept map - 	this is a good way to &quot;brainstorm&quot; a problem or idea.

1.1.2 Concept Map of a theme
By using a public educational tool Freemind to build concept maps of themes in different subjects, we open up possibilities to think beyond a specific hierarchy or in any particular sequence. This allows us to make new connections to address the topic more creatively.

One theme in the curriculum is selected for creating a concept map. The first step is to understand the concept map and get an overall idea of what is covered in the resource material and how it is organised.

1.2 Theme Plan
Once the concept map is understood, we then work on a framework for the resource material. This framework is called the Theme Plan. The framework has been built on the constructivist philosophy of learning as recommended by the National Curriculum Framework 2005 (NCF 2005). Bloom's Taxonomy that was built in 1956 used Skinner's behaviourist learning philosophy which classified knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation as skills. With new learning approaches emerging, Bloom's taxonomy was revised in 1999. This revised taxonomy included 'Metacognitive Knowledge— Knowledge of thinking in general and your thinking in particular. '

This new constructivist philosophy and psychology of learning has been used to create the structure of the theme plan. The theme plan is built keeping in mind children's assimilation of concepts from 6th standard though 10th standard. This framework is in a spreadsheet format, with the following columns:

Theme : This is the main theme of the prototype.

'''Sub-Theme: ''' These are the sub-themes that the main theme has been divided into.

Class : In which class do you think the concept must be introduced - 6th standard to 10th standard.

'''Learning Outcomes:''' One of the basic ideas here is that the content is only a vehicle for achieving learning outcomes. We want to look at why we are teaching a topic and how to teach it. These questions have to be asked and answered in all subject areas.

Learning outcomes are not only content based (factual; can be learned by rote). They are broken into conceptual learning, 'skill learning and the content/knowledge learning'. The content/knowledge learning part pertains to the factual components, various definitions, procedural knowledge, theories, etc.

'''Concept Learning/Idea to be Conveyed: ''' Concept learning outcomes look at what are the key discipline ideas in a topic or theme. These allow the children to make a structure for their learning and help them become continuous, life-long learners. They learn to abstract, get to the core meaning and build upon that core understanding. These concepts will be built according to the age of the student (NCF calls this cognitive validity). For the teacher, a good way to define a conceptual outcome is to ask this question : “ 20 years from now; the student will forget all these definitions, formulae – what is the key idea (s) that I want them to remember .”

'''Skill Learning: ''' Skills are cognitive, psycho-motor, linguistic and social abilities that are built over a learning period. The skills can be directly related to the topic. In this case, these will be called the applications of the concept/ idea/ content. For example, building a dynamo or fixing a bulb or recording an experiment are directly connected to the lesson being taught.

But every lesson also has higher order skills which are important to develop. For example, learning to observe carefully and accurately or safety precautions around electricity are also skills that can be developed.

Multiple skills can be developed through one topic/ theme. More than one topic can also be for addressing one skill.

'''Knowledge Learning:''' The content/knowledge learning part pertains to the factual components, various definitions, procedural knowledge, theories, etc.

'''Activities/Evaluation: '''  The activity that is described for the sub-theme and class. The details of the activity and the evaluation questions are provided in the Resource Book, the theme plan will have a hyper-link to the resource book.

'''Resources/Material: ''' The material and resources that would be required for the activity.

1.3 Resource Book
The resource book will bring together the concept map and theme plan. It will include background material that will be required for teachers to understand a theme and use the theme plan. The resource book will also contain the overall curricular objectives of the theme for school education The background material will tie in with overall curricular objectives and not just the syllabus. The detailed explanation of all the activities and the evaluation mentioned in the theme plan will will be described in the resource book.

1.3.1 Curricular Objectives
The curricular objectives define/ describe what the learning outcomes of the students are when being introduced to this topic. These allow the teacher to define a concept in totality and not be limited only to the syllabus.

1.3.2 Background Material
The background material is meant to be teacher material. As a teacher, what should I know, how should I look at a topic to present it to the children in the most appropriate way.

This includes detailed discussion of sub-themes, key terms to be introduced in a simple and accurate manner and additional resources that can be used.

1.3.3 Activities and Evaluation
The activities are discussed at the end of the resource book. These include experiments, simulations, discussions (after a video) and site visits. This section also includes discussion questions for the teacher to build the theme as well as evaluation questions.

1.4 The Complete Resource for a theme – Collaborative resource creation
The concept map, theme plan and the resource book, once reviewed will be available on the web portal []. The resources for the theme can be enhanced and enriched by all teachers. When a teacher wants to make a contribution to the resource book, he or she has to say which theme they want to make the contribution to and send it to the forum (Group Email).

Note, the teacher can contribute in the following ways :

The material will be reviewed by a panel and will be added to the resource book if the quality criteria is met.
 * Add an activity to an existing sub-theme.
 * Add a new sub-theme with the details of each column for 	each Theme Plan.
 * Add more background material to the resource book. 	Here the source of the background material must be provided

1.5.1 Science
There are two sample resource materials that have been built – on measurement and light. This explores the various concepts to be introduced while teaching light along with how to address the syllabus topics. The resource book on measurements introduces the history of measurement and how to measure. These resources can be found at - []

1.5.2 Social Science
A similar resource book has been built for the Bhakthi movement. The focus here is to use the history and facts of the Bhakthi Movement to move beyond the facts and look at social aspects, social structure and organization. This resource can be found at the RMSA website, []

1.5.3 Mathematics
Fractions are a very difficult concept to teach and are not well-understood. This resource document explores different methodologies and approaches to explaining fractions with a set of activities on how to introduce the topic in the classroom. This resource can be found at the following address: [] .

1.6 Understanding the Resource Book - Kannada Translation
ಪ್ರಕಲ್ಪನೆಯ ನಕ್ಷೆ :

FREEMIND ಎ೦ಬ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಶೈಕ್ಷನಿಕ ತಂತ್ರಾಂಶದ ಸಹಾಯದಿಂ ದ ಬೇರೆ ಬೇರೆ ವಿಷಯಗಳ ಪ್ರಕಲ್ಪನೆ ಗಳ ನಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ರಚಿಸುವುದರಿಂದ, ಒಂದು ವಿಷಯದ ಬಗೆಗೆ ಅನೇಕ ಆಯಾಮದ ಚಿತ್ರಣವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯ ಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ವಿಷಯದ ಬಗೆಗಿನ ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಶ್ರೇಣೀಕ್ರುತ ಯೋಜನೆಯ ಬದಲಿಗೆ, ಈ ಪ್ರಕಲ್ಪನೆಯ ನಕ್ಷೆಯಿಂದ ಸ್ರಜನಾತ್ಮಕ ಯೋಜನೆ ಯು ಸಾಧ್ಯಾವಿದೆ.

ಪಠ್ಯಕ್ರಮದ ಯಾವುದಾದರೋಂದು ಪ್ರಾಕಲ್ಪನಾ ನಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು. ಗಮನಿಸಿದಾಗ, ಅದು ಆ ಸಂಪನ್ಮೋಲ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದ ಒಂದು ಸಮಗ್ರ ಪಕ್ಷಿನೋಟ ದೋರೆಯುತ್ತದೆ .

ಪಠ್ಯಸಾರ: ಪ್ರಕಲ್ಪನಾ ನಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಅರಿತ ನಂತರ, ಸಂಪನ್ಮೋಲ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ರಚಿಸಲು ಒಂದು ಚೌಕಟ್ಟಿನ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿದೆ. ಈ ಚೌಕಟ್ಟನ್ನೆ ಪಠ್ಯಸಾರ ಎನ್ನಬಹುದು. ಈ ಚೌಕಟ್ಟು NCF ೨೦೦೫ರ ಅನ್ವಯದಂತೆ. ಕಲಿಕೆಯ ರಚನಾತ್ಮಕ ತತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ತಳಹದಿಯ ಮೇಲೆ ರಚಿತವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

೧೯೫೬ರಲ್ಲಿ ರಚಿತವಾದ ಬ್ಲೊಮನ ವರ್ಗಿಕರಣದ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವು ಸ್ಕಿನ್ನರನ ವರ್ತನಾವಾದದ ಆಧಾರವಾಗಿಟ್ಟುಕೋಂಡಿತ್ತು. ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಜ್ನನ, ಗ್ರಹಿಕೆ (ತಿಳುವಕೆ), ಅನ್ವಯ, ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ, ಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ, ಮತ್ತು ಮೌಲ್ಯಮಾಪನಗಳನ್ನು ಉದ್ದಿಷ್ಠಗಳಾಗಿ ಗುರುತಿಸಿದೆ. ಆದರೆ ೧೯೯೯ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪುನರಚಿತವಾದ ಬ್ಲೂಮನ್ ವರ್ಗಿಕರಣವು,ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಸ್ರುಜನಾತ್ಮಕ ಜ್ನಾನ(ಯಾವುದೇ ಜ್ನನದ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಗ್ರಹಿಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಠ ಗ್ರಹಿಕೆ)ಯನ್ನು ಒಳಗೋಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ.ಈ ಪಾಠಸಾರವು ರಚನಾತ್ಮಕ ತತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಮತ್ತು ಕಲಿಕೆಯ ಮನೋವಿಜ್ನಾನವನ್ನು ಆಧರಿಸಿ ರಚಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ೬ ರಿಂದ ೧೦ನೇ ತರಗತಿವರೆಗಿನ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳ ವಿಷಯ ಗ್ರಹಿಕಾ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯದ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ರಚಿತಗೋಂಡರುವ ಇದು spreadsheet ರೊಪದಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರ ಹಂತಗಳು

ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನಂತಿವೆ.

೧. ಪಠ್ಯಸಾರ: ಇಡಿ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿಸುತ್ತದೆ

೨.ಉಪ ಪಠ್ಯಸಾರ:ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ಹಲವು ಭಾಗಗಳಾಗಿ ವಿಂಗಡಿಸಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

೩.ತರಗತಿ:೬ರಿಂದ ೧೦ನೇ ತರಗತಿವರೆಗೆ ಯಾವ ಉಪಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆ ಸೋಕ್ತವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆಯೋ ಆ ತರಗತಿ

ಕಲಿಕಾ ಫಲಗಳು:ಭೋಧಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವ ಪಠ್ಯವಸ್ತುವು, ಕಲಿಕಾ ಫಲಗಳುನ್ನು. ಸಾಧಿಸಲು ಇರುವಂತಹ ಒಂದು ಸಾಧನೆ. ಕಲಿಸುವ ಮೊದಲು ಏಕೆ ,ಏನು ಮತ್ತು ಹೇಗೆ ಕಲಿಸಬೇಕು ಎ೦ಬ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತರವನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕುವ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಮಾಡಬೇಕು.

ಕಲಿವಿನ ಫಲಗಳು ಕೇವಲ ಪಠ್ಯವಸ್ತುವಿಗೆ ಸಿಮೀತವಾಗದೆ,(ಉದಾ:ಕೇವಲ ಕಂಠಪಾಠ ಕಲಿಕೆ) ಅವುಗಳನ್ನು ಸಮಗ್ರ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪ ಕಲಿಕೆ, ಕೌಶಲ್ಯ ಕಲಿಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಷಯಗ್ರಹಣ ಕಲಿಕೆಗಳಾಗಿ ವಿಭಾಗಿಸಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

ಕಲಿಕೆ, ಕೌಶಲ್ಯ ಕಲಿಕೆ:ಇದು ಒಂದು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಠ ವಿಷಯದ, ಮುಖ್ಯ ತತ್ವಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೋಂಡಿರ ಬೇಕು. ಇದು ಕಲಿಕಾರ್ಥಿಯ ಕಲಿಕೆಗೆ ಅನುಕಲವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಜಿವನ ಪರ್ಯಾಂತ ಕಲಿಕೆಗೆ ಅನುಕಲ ಕಲ್ಪಿಸಿರ ಬೇಕು. ಕಲಿಕಾರ್ಥಿಯು. ಅಮೂರ್ತದಿಂದ ಕಲಿಕೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಬಿಸಿ ವಿಷಯದ ಒಳಾರ್ಥವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿದುಕೋಂಡು ಅದರ ಸಹಾಯದಿಂದ ಉನ್ನತ ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಈ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕಲಿಕಾರ್ಥಿಯ ವಯಸ್ಸಿಗೆನುಗುಣವಾಗಿ(ಇದನ್ನು NCF ಗ್ರಹಣ ಸಿಂಧುತ್ವವೆಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತದೆ) ರಚಿತವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಗಮನಿಸಬೆಕಾದ ಅಂಶವೆಂದರೆ, ಶಿಕ್ಷಕನು ಕಲಿಕಾ ಫಲವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸುವಾಗ,ತತಕ್ಷಣದ ಜ್ನನಕ್ಕೆ ಒತ್ತುಕೊಡದೆ. ೨೦ ವರ್ಷಗಳ ನಂತರ , ಭೋಧನೆಯ ಯಾವ ಮುಖ್ಯಾಂಶಗಳು ಕಲಿಕಾರ್ಥಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಉಳಿದಿರಬೇಕು ಎ೦ಬುದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಖಚಿತತೆ ಇರಬೇಕು

ಕೌಶಲ್ಯ ಕಲಿಕೆ: ಕೌಶಲ್ಯ ವೆಂದರೆ, ಭಾಷೆ ಮನೋ-ದೈಹಿಕ, ಜ್ನಾನಾತ್ಮಕ ,ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕಲಿಕಾ ಅವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿಗಳಿಸುವುದು ಎ೦ದರ್ಥ. ಕೌಶಲ್ಯಗಳು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಪಠ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂದಿಸಿರಬಹುದು. ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆ ಜ್ನಾನ ಅಥವ ಪಠ್ಯಾಜ್ನಾನದ ಅನ್ವಯಗಳೆಂದು ಕರೆಯಬಹುದು ಉದಾ: ಒಂದು ಡೈನೋವನ್ನು ತಯಾರಿಕೆ ಅಥವಾ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ದೀಪವನ್ನು jಜೋಡಿಸುವುದಾಗಲಿ ಅಥವ ಪ್ರಯೋಗದ ಫಲಿತಾಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ದಾಖಲಿಸುವುದಾಗಲಿ,ಇವೆಲ್ಲವು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಪಠ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಕೌಶಲಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.

ಆದರೆ ಪ್ರತಿಯೂಂದು ಘಟಕವು ಇಷ್ಟೆ ಅಲ್ಲದೆ,ಇನ್ನೊ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಕೌಶಲಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದು, ಅವುಗಳನ್ನು ಬೆಳಸಬೇಕಿದೆ.

ಉದಾ:ವಿದ್ಯುತ ದೀಪದ ಬಳಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿನ ಮುನ್ನಚ್ಚರಿಕೆಗಳು, ಹಾಗೊ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳನ್ನು ನಡೆಸುವಾಗ ತೆಗೆದುಕೋಳಬೇಕಾದ ಮುಂಜಾಗ್ರತಾ ಕ್ರಮಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ನುಖರವಾದ ಅಳತೆಯನ್ನು ದಾಖಲುಮಾಡಿಕೋಳೂವುದು,

ಜ್ನನ ಕಲಿಕೆ: ಜ್ನಾನವು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯೆಗಳು,ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತಗಳು, ಸತ್ಯಾಸಂಗತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆ/ಮೌಲ್ಯಮಾಪನ: ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಯು ಉಪಘಟಕ ಮತ್ತು ತರಗತಿಯ ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ನಿರ್ದಾರಿತವಾಗಿದ್ದು,ಶಿಕ್ಷಕನಿಗೆ, ಬೋಧನಾ-ಕಲಿಕಾ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅನುಕೊಲ ಕಲ್ಪಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಸಂಪನ್ಮೊಲ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯವು ಮೌಲ್ಯಮಾಪನ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದು, ಪಠ್ಯಸಾರದ hyperlinkಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

ಸಂಪನ್ಮೊಲ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ: ಸಂಪನ್ಮೊಲ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯವು ಪ್ರಕಲ್ಪನಾ ನಕ್ಷೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪಠ್ಯಸಾರವನ್ನು ಒಳಗೋಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರ ಜೋತೆಗೆ ಪಠ್ಯವನ್ನು ಸಮಗ್ರವಾಗಿ ಅರ್ಥೈಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಬೋಧನೆಯನ್ನು ಸುಗಮವಾಗಿಸಲು ಅಗತ್ಯವಾದ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯವನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ . ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯವು, ಶಾಲಾ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣಕ್ಕೆ ಅಗತ್ಯವಾದ ಪಠ್ಯಕ್ರಮದ ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುವುದಲ್ಲದೆ, ಕೇವಲ ಪಠ್ಯವಸ್ತು ಮಾತ್ರವಲ್ಲ. ಪಠ್ಯದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳು ಹಾಗೊ ಮೌಲ್ಯಮಾಪನದ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ ಸಹಿತ್ಯಾವು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರಬೇಕು. ಪಠ್ಯಗುರಿಗಳು ಇವು ಕಲಿವಿನ ಫಲವನ್ನು ನಿರ್ದರಿಸುತ್ತವೆ . ಇದು ಕೇವಲ ಸೀಮಿತವಾಗದೆ. ವಿಷಯದ ಪರಿಪೋರ್ಣ ಗ್ರಹಿಕೆಗೆ ಸಹಾಯಕವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಾ:ಇದನ್ನು ಶಿಕ್ಷಕರಿಗಾಗಿ ಸಿದ್ಡಪಡಿಸಲಾಗಿದ್ದು,ಶಿಕ್ಷಕನಾಗಿ ನಾನು ತಿಳಿದಿರಬೇಕು, ಒಂದು ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ಯಾವ ಸರಿಯಾದ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಪಡಿಸಿದರೆ, ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಉತ್ತಮ ಕಲಿಕೆಯುಂಟಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಎ೦ಬುದರ ಚಿತ್ರಣ ದೊರುಕಬೇಕು. ಎದು ಒಂದು ವಿಶಯದ ಉಪಘಟಕಗಳನ್ನು , ಮು ಖ್ಯ ಪದಗಳು ಎತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಸರಳವಾಗಿ , ನಿಖರವಾಗಿ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಸಂಪನ್ಮೊಲ ಸಮಾಗ್ರಿಯ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯಿರ ಬೇಕು

ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮೌಲ್ಯಮಾಪನ: ಸಂಪನ್ಮೊಲ ಸಹಿತ್ಯದ ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳಿದ್ದು, ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳು simulations ವಿಡಿಯೋ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನದ ನಂತರ discussion ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ಶಿಕ್ಷಕ ಮತ್ತು ವಿದ್ಯಾಥ್ಿ ಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಪರಸ್ಪರ discussion ಅವಕಾಶ ಕಲ್ಪಿಸಿ ವಿಷಯ ಗ್ರಹಿಕೆಗೆ ಅನುಕೂಲವಾಗುವಂತೆ ಮೌಲ್ಯಮಾಪನ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರಬೇಕು.

= 2 Computer Literacy =

2.1 What is public Software
As our society becomes more and more digital, software, which is the 'building brick' of the digital society, becomes necessary for all. Basic software that is necessary for participating in the digital society needs to be provided to everyone as an universal right and entitlement should be seen as publicly owned software or '''Public software'''. As in the case of public education or public health, public institutions/ Governments are responsible to ensure that publicly owned software is available. This would ensure universal access to public software and also support public participation in its creation and sharing.

Just like government schools are open to all without discrimination (not necessary for private schools have many restrictions like fees, parents background etc. ), public software is accessible to all without discrimination while private software (also called proprietary software) has restrictions where the user has to buy a license to only use and cannot modify or share the software. Also just like community has right to participate in government schools (limited rights for parents in private schools) most public software is community created (while in case of private software, the vendor retains the important ownership rights).

Software required by all includes operating system, text / image / audio / video editors, email, web browser, search engine etc. Public software needs to be free software, providing the freedom to use, study, modify and share, to ensure universal access as well as participation in its creation and modification.

See [] for a list of public software applications for general use of all and also another list of public educational software tools for teachers.

2.2 What is GNU/Linux?
GNU Linux is a free and open source operating system software and hence is public software. Since the operating system is the basic software that “runs your computer”, it needs to be available freely to all, to ensure universal access. Free Software users always have the freedom to share software, without restrictions. On a technical level, Free Software guarantees the right to view and also modify source code, or even use it as a basis to make a new program. This has enabled Kannadigas to make Kannada version of Ubuntu GNU/Linux system for benefit of Kannadigas.

2.3 What is Ubuntu?
Ubuntu is a version of the GNU/Linux operating system. Ubuntu is a thoroughly modern operating system that provides you might find in Windows or Macintosh OS X, but without the drawbacks. It is quite simple, yet offers sophisticated features.

Hardware support is excellent, with virtually every item of day-to-day hardware supported, including graphics/sound cards, printers, wireless, USB memory sticks, cameras, iPods, and so-on. There’s no need to fumble around with driver CD : practically everything will be up and running straight after installation, although as with any operating system you may have to configure the system to your own needs. Ubuntu provides free upgrades every six months (april and october) which means frequent improvements in its features.

2.4 How to use Ubuntu
''' Logging in :'''

The first thing you’ll see, after the computer has finished its self-testing, is a boot menu. This lets you choose between Ubuntu and Windows. The next thing you will see, after Ubuntu has finished the first stage of booting, is the login screen. Simply click on your username, type the password and hit Enter. Assuming both details are correct, booting will finish, and the desktop will appear.

'''The Desktop Layout '''

Panels : The two panels are visible —one at the top of the screen, and one at the bottom. The one at the top is concerned with presenting information, starting programs, and configuring the system.

The panel at the bottom is where programs minimize to, and this panel also includes a Show Desktop button (left), a trash icon (right), and a virtual desktop selector (right; of which more later). Files can be dragged and dropped onto the trash icon, and clicking it lets you view and empty the trash contents.

'''Main menus '''

The three menus at the top of the screen (Applications, Places, System) are known as the main menus. They stay on-screen all the time. When an application starts, its own menus appear within its program window beneath.

The  Applications  menu at the top left provides access to software installed on the system.

The  Places  menu, alongside it, offers quick access to locations within the file system, or attached storage such as USB memory sticks. Digital cameras and MP3 players are also listed here when plugged-in.

The  System  menu, alongside the Places menu, offers control over your computer’s settings. It has two sub-menus, as follows:

Preferences: This menu mostly lets you tweak settings relating to your particular user account and the operation of the desktop. You can also alter some hardware settings, such as the screen resolution, but only those that relate to your personal desktop configuration.

Administration: This menu offers system-wide hardware configuration options, such as altering the time/date, and options for configuring the underlying Ubuntu system, such as adding/removing software.

'''Rebooting and shutting down'''

To shut-down or reboot the computer, click the Shut Down entry on the System menu (under Ubuntu 12.04, select the Quit entry). Then select the relevant option from the dialog box that appears.

2.4.1 Managing Files and Folders
Files

Files are the most basic unit of data that users can store on a disk. Every program, image, video, song, and document is stored as a file.

Folder

A folder is a collection of multiple files. Folders can also store other folders called sub-folders. Folders are also called &quot;directories&quot;

'''File system'''

A file system is a method of storing and organizing computer files and their data.

'''File Manager or File Browser'''

A file manager or file browser is a computer program that provides a user interface to work with file systems. The most common operations used are create, open, edit, view, print, play, rename, move, copy, delete, etc. Files are typically displayed in a hierarchy. Ubuntu uses a file manager/browser called Nautilus. File browser is used to

This file manager lets you organize your files into folders. Folders can contain files and may also contain other folders. Using folders can help you find your files more easily.
 * Create folders and documents
 * Display your files and folders
 * Search and manage your files

'''File browser '''also manages the desktop. The desktop lies behind all other visible items on your screen. The desktop is an active component of the way you use your computer.

Every user has a Home Folder. The Home Folder contains all of the user's files. The desktop is another folder. The desktop contains special icons allowing easy access to the users Home Folder, Trash, and also removable media such as floppy disks, CDs and USB flashdrives.

'''File browser '''is always running. To open a new File browser window(see previous figure), double-click on an appropriate icon on the desktop such as Home or Computer, or choose an item from on the top panel.

In Ubuntu, many things are files, such as word processor documents, spreadsheets, photos, movies, and music.

Lets see how to create a new folder in our home folder and save a text file in it.

Step 1: Click on places → home folder

The file browser will open.

Step 2: On the menu bar, Click on New → Create Folder, You'll see a new folder with untitled folder as its name, you can overwrite it with any folder name that you want and press enter. This will create a new folder in your home directory

Step 3: Now, double-click on this new folder, it will open the new folder. On the menu bar, Click on New → Create Document → Empty file. You'll see a new file with new file as its name, you can overwrite it with any file name that you want and press enter. Double-click on the file and you can edit the text in the same.

2.4.2.1 Connecting the Printer



 * 1) [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_3976403.png]]Click 	on the power button
 * 2) Select Printers
 * 3) Make sure you have connected the printer to your 	system.
 * 4) Click on the Add button and follow the 	instructions.

PS: The Displays and Printers options are also available when you click on Applications → System Tools → System Settings or by clicking on the power button and selecting System SettingsPrinter

2.4.2.2 Connecting to ProjectorsClick on the power button

 * 1) Select Displays
 * 2) In the window that opens, you will see the connected 	displays. To see the same thing in the monitor and the projector 	screen, click on the Mirror display check box.
 * 3) If the configuration looks fine (display is fine on 	both screens), Click on the Apply button. Select the Keep 	this configuration option when asked for.

2.4.2.3 Pen Drive
To make the pen drive work:


 * Connect the pen drive to the USB port.
 * Go to Ubuntu Menu Places &gt; Home Folder 
 * You can access the pen drive from here

2.4.2.4 Burning a CD/DVD
To Burn a DVD/CD:


 * Go to Ubuntu Menu Applications &gt; Sound and Video 	&gt; K3b
 * Follow instructions from here to create Data/Audio or 	Video CD/DVD.
 * You must have a CD/DVD Writer on your computer.

2.5 To install a new software in Edubuntu 12.04
Edubuntu 12.04 uses Ubuntu software center (an application to install and manage software) instead of traditional synaptic package manager (Page 12 of your module describes the use of Synaptic package manager which is used in the older versions of Ubuntu and Edubuntu).

Click on Applications -&gt; Ubuntu Software Center

In the search box (on the top right corner of the window), Enter the name of the application and press enter. In the list click on the required application and then on the install button.

2.6 Open Office
OpenOffice (same as LibreOffice) is a public software useful for making documents, spreadsheets and presentation files. OpenOffice Writer is very similar to MS Word. OpenOffice Calc is similar to Excel. OpenOffice Impress is like MS Powerpoint. OpenOffice works on both Windows and Ubuntu.

Using OpenOffice writer, you can type reports, documents, edit them, format them well and save them in many document formats - .odt, .html, .doc (.xls, .ppt), .docx (.xlsx, .pptx) etc. It also has an 'export to PDF' option for making PDF document with a single click.

Department of Information Technology, Government of India has recommended the ODF format used in OpenOffice/LibreOffice as the standard for documents used in government.

2.6.1 Activity 1
Purpose

To write a document using Open Office Writer

Process


 * 1) [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_279ff2d9.png]]Select 	Application &gt; Office &gt; OpenOffice.org Word Processor
 * 2) Type the following Passage into the Open Office Writer        {| border="1" |- | What is Public Software   Software 				developed for public service, 				and especially in government, has a unique context and objectives 				deriving from those of public service; with its imperative 				of providing public goods and ensuring equity and social justice.   |}
 * 3) You can try the following option to format the text
 * 4) Bold the heading
 * 5) Make the heading centred
 * 6) Select Menu Option File &gt; Save As to save the 	file, name the file About-Public-Software
 * 7) A file called About-Public-Software.odt will be 	created in your folder Documents.
 * 1) A file called About-Public-Software.odt will be 	created in your folder Documents.

2.6.2 Activity 2
Purpose

To create a table in Open Office Word Processor

Process


 * 1) Select Application &gt; Office &gt; OpenOffice.org Word 	Processor
 * 2) Select Menu Option File &gt; Open (Ctrl 	+O)
 * 3) Open File About-Public Software.odt
 * 4) [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_m2a6f49db.png]]Select 	Menu Option Table &gt; Insert &gt;Table
 * 5) Insert a Table
 * 6) Select Columns = 3 Rows = 5 and Press Okay
 * 7) Enter the following data from the table below
 * 8) Save the file.

This is how the table will look.

2.6.3 Peer review using OpenOffice
For peer review of our resources, it is very useful to use the 'record changes' in OpenOffice. This helps us to make changes in a document and also the changes can be automatically accepted WITHOUT retyping the corrections. It saves a lot of time and also becomes a digital record of peer review.

To record changes, click on 'Edit – Changes' and check / tick the Record option. The Show option should also be checked/ticked

Now any correction or change or deletion in the document will be shown separately in colour. The editor can make all changes in this way. More than one person can make changes to same document. The name of the editor will be shown when we move the cursor over the change.

When the author receives the document, she can 'accept' or 'reject' each change by right-clicking on the change. To accept all changes, author can click on 'Edit – Changes – Accept or Reject'. See image below.

'' Please use 'RECORD CHANGES' option to give your feedback on documents shared by other teachers in the Subject Teachers Forum, this makes sharing feedback and making required changes easy/automatic. ''

2.6.4 Automatic Table of contents
OpenOffice can help you create table of contents, with page numbers, automatically.

To do this, select / mark a heading in your document and then select the 'Heading 1' in top left corner in the formatting tool bar (usually will be Text body or Default'). This will make that selected text, as a 'Heading 1'. You can use Heading 2 for the next sub heading, heading 3 for the next sub heading etc.

When finished, you can go to the beginning of the document and click 'Insert – Indexes and Tables - Indexes and Tables' to insert a Table of Contents.

If you make any changes to the document headings, you can go to the Table of Contents created, right click and select 'Update Index/table'. See image above.

2.7 Kannada in Edubuntu
'''Writing Kannada Documents'''

'''Reading Kannada Documents'''
 * Please use only UNICODE font - Lohit Kannada. 	It is already installed in Ubuntu, you have to install it in 	Windows.
 * All nudi fonts are not unicode, and UNICODE 	is the international and universal open standard that is being used.

Please see the video 'Kannada typing using LibreOffice Writer' available in the Resources CD.
 * If you are not able to read Kannada documents, it is 	because the font is not installed, you will have to install the 	font, see the frequently asked questions link in the last section.

We will be using a new method Ibus for making Kannada documents. (In the previous versions we used SCIM). Below are the steps to configure Ibus and use it.

''Picture 1''
 * 1) [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_3976403.png]]Click 	on the power button
 * 2) Select Startup Applications

Picture 		2 Name: IbusCommand : ibus-daemon 	(Please note: enter everything here in small letters)Comment 	: IBus Input method	 	Click on Add button.
 * 1) A window as shown in the Picture 2 will open. Click on 	the Add button on the right panel. Another small window 'Add Startup 	Program' will open. Enter the following details.   [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_4ad57276.png]]

Picture 		3 Picture 		4 Picture 		5 Picture 		6 Now click on the keyboard icon on the top 	panel and select Restart. Please note that only Arkavattu works a little different here ( Eg to type surya, we need to press sUrfy, instead of the usual sUyF).
 * 1) Click on the same power button and select System 	Settings.
 * 2) In the window that opens, select Language Support. A 	small window saying that not all languages are installed will 	appear. Select remind me later.   [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_4b1019e3.png]]
 * 1) In the Keyboard input method system, select 'Ibus' 	from the drop down menu. And click on Close
 * 2) Restart the computer.
 * 3) Now when the computer restarts you'll see a small 	keyboard icon on the top panel as shown in the picture below   [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_m6eb18eb7.png]]
 * 1) Click on the keyboard icon and select Preferences   [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_5f67dbe9.png]]
 * 1) In the IBus preference window that opens, select the 	tab that says 'Input Method' and Tick the customise active 	input method box.
 * 2) Click on the Select an Input Method list bar and 	Choose the language that you wish to create documents with. In our 	case, we will be selecting Kannada. The option Kannada will have 3 	choices : Kn-kgp, Kn-itrans and Kn-inscript. Kn-kgp use nudi 	keyboard layout, Kn-itrans uses baraha or transliteration keyboard 	layout. Kn-inscript uses the standard typewriter keyboard. You can 	select any of them and click on the Add button. You could add 	more languages if you wish to.
 * 3) [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_45d5a618.png]]
 * 1) [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_4f180d48.png]]Open 	an input window like LibreOffice Writer. Configure for typing in 	Kannada (Refer to page 17 in your module). Press Ctrl and space and 	start typing in Kannada. You can toggle between the first language 	in the list (in the picture shown, it is Kannada -itrans) and 	English using Ctrl and space keys. If you wish to choose any other 	language click on the keyboard icon on the top panel and select the 	language from the list.  	 Kn-itrans method can be chosen if you need to use the 	transliteration key map (Baraha Style). Kn-kgp can be used to input 	method using the Kannada Ganaka parishat key-map (Nudi style). 

2.7.1 Setting up Kannada Language in OpenOffice.org, Ubuntu and Windows
First

Next,
 * 1) Click on system → 	administration → Language support
 * 2) Choose 	scim-immodule in the input method box.
 * 3) Log off and login 	again to see the effects.


 * 1) Open 	OpenOffice.org Word processor by clicking on Application → Office 	→ OpenOffice.org Word processor
 * 2) Click on Tools → 	Options → Language settings → Languages
 * 3) Check 	Enabled for Complex Text Layout(CTL) 	and Choose Kannada in Default languages for Documents 	(CTL)
 * 4) Click on OK

2.8 Kannada Typing on Ubuntu in Kannada
'''ಉಬುಂಟು ವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡ ಟೈಪ್ ಮಾಡುವ ವಿಧಾನ  :'''

'ಲೋಹಿತ್ ಕನ್ನಡ 'ಒಂದು ಯೂನಿಕೋಡ್ ಫಾಂಟ್. ಇದು ಉಬುಂಟು ವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಈಗಾಗಲೇ
 * ಕನ್ನಡ ಟೈಪ್ 	ಮಾಡಲು ಯೂನಿಕೋಡ್ ಫಾಂಟ್ ಗಳನ್ನೇ 	ಬಳಸಿರಿ,

ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾಪಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ.

CAPITAL 	ಅಕ್ಷರಗಳನ್ನು 	ಟೈಪಿಸಲು Shift 	ಅಥವಾ 	Caps Lock ಕೀ 	ಬಳಸಿರಿ. ಒತ್ತಕ್ಷರಗಳನ್ನು 	 ಟೈಪ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಸರಳ ವಿಧಾನ.
 * ಎಲ್ಲಾ ನುಡಿ 	ಫಾಂಟ್ ಗಳು ಯೂನಿಕೋಡ್ ಫಾಂಟ್ 	ಗಳಲ್ಲ.    ಓಪನ್ 	ಆಫೀಸ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡಭಾಷೆಯನ್ನು 	 ಅಣಿಗೊಳಿಸುವ ವಿಧಾನ :    ಈ ಮುಂದೆ 	ಸೂಚಿಸುವಂತೆ ಕ್ಲಿಕ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾ 	ಹೋಗಿರಿ.
 * System &gt; 	Administration &gt; Language support.
 * Input method ಬಾಕ್ಸ್ 	ನಲ್ಲಿ I-bus 	ನ್ನು 	ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಮಾಡಿರಿ.
 * ಲಾಗ್ ಆಫ್ 	ಮಾಡಿ ಮತ್ತೆ ಲಾಗ್ ಇನ್ ಆಗಿರಿ.
 * Application 	&gt; Office &gt; Open office.org ಮೂಲಕ 	Open 	office.org Word ಅಥವಾ 	Writer ಪುಟವನ್ನು 	ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಮಾಡಿರಿ.
 * ನಂತರ 	Tools 	&gt; options &gt; Language setting ಗೆ 	ಹೋಗಿ ಅದರ ಎಡಭಾಗದ ಬಾಕ್ಸ್ 	ನಲ್ಲಿರುವ + ಅಥವಾ &gt; ನ್ನು 	ಒತ್ತಿರಿ, 	ಒತ್ತಿದೊಡನೆ 	ಕೆಳಗೆ ಗೋಚರಿಸುವ Languages ನ್ನು 	ಕ್ಲಿಕ್ಕಿಸಿ.
 * ನಂತರ 	ಬಲಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಗೋಚರಿಸುವ Enhanced 	Language support ನ 	ಕೆಳಕಾಣಿಸುವ Enabled 	for Complex Text Layout ನ್ನು 	ಟಿಕ್ ಮಾಡಿ, 	ನಂತರ 	ಮೇಲೆ ಕಾಣುವ CTL ನ 	ಎದುರಿರುವ ಜಾಗದ Default 	language ಜಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ 	kannada ಆಯ್ಕೆ 	ಮಾಡಿರಿ. 	OK ಮಾಡಿರಿ.
 * Open 	office.org Word ಅಥವಾ 	Writer ಪುಟಕ್ಕೆ 	ವಾಪಾಸು ಬನ್ನಿರಿ. 	Ctrl + Space bar 	ಕೀ 	ಒತ್ತಿದಾಗ ಸ್ಕ್ರೀನ್ ನ ಬಲತುದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ 	ಮೇಲೇಳುವ ಭಾಷೆಗಳ ಪಟ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ 	kannadaಕ್ಕೆ 	ಹೋಗಿ Kn-Kgp ಆಯ್ಕೆ 	ಮಾಡಿರಿ. 	ಆಗ 	ಕನ್ನಡ ಟೈಪ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗುವುದು 	 '.ಅದೇ 	ಪುಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತೆ Ctrl 	+ Space bar ಕೀ 	ಒತ್ತಿದಾಗ English ಟೈಪ್ 	ಮಾಡಬಹುದು. 	Ctrl + Space bar 	ಕೀ 	ಯನ್ನು ಇಚ್ಚಿತ ಭಾಷೆ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯ 	ಹೊಯ್ದಾಟದ ಕೀ ಯಂತೆ ಬಳಸಿರಿ.  ಕನ್ನಡ 	ಟೈಪ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಅಗತ್ಯವಾದ ಕೀಲಿ 	ಮಣೆ ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ'.
 * [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_4cae7094.gif]]
 * ಅಕ್ಷರ 	ಟೈಪ್ ಮಾಡಿರಿ, 	ಅದಕ್ಕೆ 	ಕೊಡಬೇಕಾದ ಒತ್ತನ್ನು f ಕೀ 	ಒತ್ತಿದ ನಂತರ ಒತ್ತಿರಿ.
 * ಉದಾ: 	 ಉ 	ತ್ಕ 	ಟ 		= 	u 	t 	f k q.  ಚೆ 	ಕ್ 	= 	c e k 	f   ಕೃ 	ತಿ 	= 	 k 	R 	t I   ಅ 	ರ್ಥ 	= 	a TF   ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ 	= 	r A x 	f q r    ಉ 	ತ್ಕೃ ಷ್ಠ = 	u t 	f k R x 	f Q.

= 3 Web Resources = In order to access the internet, please open the web browser Mozilla Firefox. Go to Applications – Internet – Mozilla Firefox.

To search for any topic of your choice, type www.google.co.in in the address bar. If you already know the name of the website, you can type it in the address bar. For example, our website is [].

(Please make sure you are typing correctly; please do not make spelling mistakes.). Please note: If you click on the 'kannada' option in the above window, you can browse the web in Kannada.



Bookmarks

If you want to keep going to the same website again and again, you can add it to your bookmarks. This is a shortcut which will help you go to the site faster.

To do this, please see the menu options on the top left corner of your browser. There will be an option called book marks. Please click on it and click on 'bookmark this page'. Next time when you open your browser, you can click on bookmarks and select the website instead of typing it out.

'''Copying the website address '''

If you want to give the link of the website in your resource book, just highlight the text of the page (which is in your address bar). Copy the link and paste it in your document.

'''Saving a web page '''

If you want to save the contents of a webpage on your machine, in the menu bar click on File – Save as (this is similar to how you save a document. The only difference is that the file will be saved in .html format and will be opened using the Firefox browser.

'''Copying the contents of the webpage'''

If you would like to copy the contents of the webpage, go to Edit – Select All. Right click on the page, Select copy and then paste it on to the document.

'''Some useful websites: '''

[] (RMSA's Subject teacher forums website where all your resources will be available.

www.kn.wikipedia.org (Kannada wikipedia)

www.wikipedia.org (English Wikipedia)

www.khanacademy.org (Teaching Learning Videos)

www.youtube.com (All Videos)

www.kanaja.com

www.gmail.com

[]

(Google books. You can find many books here on any subject of your choice)

[]

[]

3.1.1 How to create an email id
To create an email id you can go to any of the following websites

www.gmail.com

www.yahoomail.com

www.rediffmail.com

This handout will explain how to do this on www.gmail.com

On the right side bottom of www.gmail.com, you will see the option 'Create a New Account'.

You will have to fill the next page that appears page to fill. (The picture on top is an example of the form that you have to fill.) Please fill it carefully. Make sure that you write down your username and password in a safe place so that you do not forget it.

The following step on gmail usually asks you to fill in your mobile number. Once you do that, you will get an sms with a number in it. Enter the number and then you are done. Your e-mail id is ready!

'''How to email'''

'''The Compose Mail Window'''
 * 1) Open Mozilla Firefox. Type www.gmail.com 	(or other site where your mail is) in the address bar.
 * 2) Enter your username and password CORRECTLY.
 * 3) To check your existing messages, go to Inbox.
 * 4) To compose a new message, go to 'Compose Mail'. These 	can be found on the left panel.

The compose mail window will look like this.

3.1.2 Making a mailing list
State resource persons will give a list of the participants (after creating their email ids). This list should include the following data:


 * 1) Name of participant
 * 2) Block
 * 3) District
 * 4) School
 * 5) Subject taught
 * 6) Classes taught
 * 7) Mobile Number
 * 8) Email Id
 * 9) Name of computer programme in the school
 * 10) Number of working computers

3.1.3 Making a Google Group
This google group will help you keep in touch with all the participants through email. All the participants email ids will be added to the group and a group email list will be created. If you send a email to this email list, it will go to all the teachers.

In order to make a google group, please go here: []. Click on the icon 'Create a group'. The next step is to put in your username and password (please put same details as you put while logging into your gmail).

Next step is to fill the form below.


 * 1) Give a name for your 	group and create an email id (eg. 	bagalkotsciencestf@googlegroups.com).
 * 2) Put a small description of what your group is about.
 * 3) [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_7299073a.png]]Lastly 	tick the 'restricted' category so that only you can add members to 	the group.) After this, add 	all the participant email id in the next page and write an 	invitation message to welcome them to the group.Your google group is 	ready. To send all members a mail, please send it to 	bagalkotsciencestf@googlegroups.com 	(this is an example name).

3.2 Thunderbird Mail Client

 * Thunderbird is a 	free, open-source, cross-platform application for managing email and 	news feeds. It is a local (rather than a web-based) email 	application that is powerful yet easy-to-use.
 * Thunderbird is 	free. Also, it gives you control and ownership over your e-mail.

3.2.1 Advantages of Using E-Mail Clients

 * First, using an 	email client can be a tremendous time-saver if you have multiple 	email accounts.
 * If you want to 	check for new messages across all of your email addresses, then that 	means that you will have to log in to several different sites.
 * Once you download 	and set-up an e-mail client like Outlook or Thunderbird, it will 	download your mails across all of your accounts, so that you can 	access them all at one easy place.
 * One of the 	greatest advantages of using an e-mail client is that they allow you 	work with your e-mails even when you are offline (which will be 	demonstrated).
 * You can group your 	messages/mails into folders.

3.2.2 Configure Gmail on Thunderbird:

 * [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_5f61f6e9.png]]You 	can read your Gmail messages from a client or device that supports 	POP, like Microsoft Outlook or Mozilla Thunderbird.
 * Enabling POP in Gmail:
 * Sign in to Gmail.
 * Click 		the gear icon in the upper-right and select Mail 		settings 		at the top of any Gmail page.
 * Click 		Forwarding 		and POP/IMAP.
 * Select 		Enable 		POP for all mail 		or Enable 		POP for mail that arrives from now on.

3.2.3 Adding Your Gmail Account to Thunderbird

 * 1) To add a new mail account in Thunderbird, follow the 	steps:
 * When you open Thunderbird for the first time, you need 	to create a mail account (your existing e-mail account).
 * Go 	to File → New 	→ Mail Account.


 * The 	Mail Account 	Setup box 	will appear and you need to enter your details (User 	name, password, e-mail ID etc) as shown:
 * Click 	Continue after 	you enter your details. The server starts verifying the details to 	setup setup your account.





'''Filtering Messages'''
 * [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_m793fa7ad.png]]Once 	the details are verified, click Create 	Account.
 * Your account is now created  and 	Thunderbird 	downloads 	your messages from the server.


 * Message filters 	are useful if you routinely want to perform certain actions on 	messages, according to criteria that you've specified.
 * For instance, you 	can have incoming mail automatically sorted into different folders, 	with certain messages labelled, marked as Junk, or even deleted.
 * Filters can be 	applied automatically to incoming mail, or you can run them manually 	when desired. (This will be demonstrated)

3.2.4 Gtalk – Web based Video and Voice Chat
'''Google Talk''' is an instant messaging service that provides both text and voice communication. People use the Internet for instant messaging, voice &amp; video chatting etc.


 * GTalk is an equipment through which 	you can interact with people.
 * If you have an account with Google, 	i.e. a Gmail ID, then you can use GTalk to message, audio/video chat 	with people from anywhere in the world.
 * You can save a lot of time and money 	using video conferencing.
 * You can avoid travelling to distant 	places to participate in meetings.
 * You may attend a meeting from your 	houses or offices.

3.2.4.1 Getting Started:

 * 1) Open Firefox Browser on you system
 * 2) Go 	to www.gmail.com
 * 3) Login to your account using your 	Gmail ID.

Note:

To use GTalk, one must have a google account. If you do not have a Google account, then:


 * Go 	to www.gmail.com
 * Click on the Create Account 	button in the top right corner of the window
 * Enter the required details and create 	your account.

Once you login, you can see the list of contacts on the right side of the window. There are some coloured icons present in front of each of your contacts' names:

If you do not have any contacts added in your contacts list, then you can add one or more by entering their e-mail id in the search bar just above the chat (as shown in the screen shot).



To start a conversation with a person, you must click on his/her name.

After clicking on the persons name, you will get a small chat box on the bottom right corner of the window (as shown in the screen-shot).

3.2.4.2 Instant Messaging:

 * Click on the rectangular box to start 	typing your message.
 * After you have entered your message, 	press “Enter” to send your message instantly.
 * When you hit Enter, the other 	person receives your message instantly.

3.2.4.3 Audio/Video Chatting:

 * To start an audio chat, you will 	require a microphone.
 * To start a video chat, you will 	require a web-camera.

To start an audio or video chat, you will need to first install the Voice and Video chat plug-in.

3.2.4.4 Installing Voice and Video chat plug-in:
In the chat box, click on the phone or the video symbol.




 * Click 'Click Here' which 	appears in the chat box.
 * You will get a separate confirmation 	box. Click on “Get Started”.
 * You will be redirected to a separate 	page.
 * Click on “Install Voice and 	Video Chat” which appears on the right side of your page.


 * Select your appropriate download 	package and click “Install voice and video chat”. It is usually 	the first one '32-bit .deb (For Debian/Ubuntu)



= 4 Computer Aided Educational Tools = We are all witnessing widespread developments in IT Education. More and more ICTs (Information Communication Technology) are being used in almost all aspects of our lives. In our education system all teaching-learning methods are witnessing a shift from teacher centred teaching to a more learner centred one. The possibility of making this shift is high by using computer aided tools to bring to life abstract mathematics and science concepts.
 * The package will be downloaded.
 * Right click on the downloaded file 	and select “Open with Ubuntu Software Center”.
 * This will open up Ubuntu Software 	Center.
 * Click “Install” which appears on 	the right side.
 * This will install the plug-in for 	voice and video chat on Gtalk.
 * This installation will take a while 	and this will install the features which are required for the audio 	and video chat.
 * This will permanently install these 	features and you do not have to install them each time you want to 	start any audio/video chat.
 * This is a one time installation!

National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 talks of a major shift in teaching education programme from passive reception to active participation in learning. From learning within the four walls of classrooms to learning in the wider social context. From knowledge as “given” and fixed to knowledge as it evolves and is created. From linear exposure to multiple and divergent exposure. Moving from a teacher centred lecture driven classroom to more learner centred classrooms. Using these computer aided tools as teaching-learning aids will enable teachers to make these shifts suggested by the NCF 2005. The children will be able to construct their own knowledge via hands on experimentation by using these computer tools. To enable children to connect these learnings and utilize the tools to the best possible extent, it is essential for subject teachers to facilitate this learning experience.

It is therefore important for the teacher to understand how to use these various tools and become confident users of the same to bring about maximum understanding of the subject using these tools as aids.

Integrating tool with classroom lessons

There is no one fixed solution that works for integration of computer aided tool usage with classroom chalk-talk lessons. It depends on the teacher, her students and the availability of computers. If the students have access to the computer in groups in the computer period, then one could follow the process outlined below.

There may not be time available to cover each and every topic in this manner. The teachers must use their judgement to plan which topics they think are key or critical to integrate with the tool.
 * Introduce the topic in the classroom with regular chalk 	and talk process
 * Create an activity related to the topic to be done in 	the computer period in the lab.
 * Discuss the topic and learning in the classroom again 	after the students have done the activity.

4.1 List of Tools and their usage
We give here some important tools and a brief description of how to incorporate them into lessons.

4.2 Freemind
'''About Freemind'''

Freemind is primarily a tool for creating and editing mind maps. It can be used by teachers to plan lessons, plan stories, organize their academic year etc...

Resources of mind maps available for teachers

www.gnowledge.org has many mind maps created for teaching various topics in many subjects that can help you plan lessons and also get new ideas.

How to Install Freemind

Please see section on how to Install New Software in this document.

'''How to use Freemind'''

To Open from the desktop menu select '''Applications &gt; Office &gt; Freemind'''

Once Freemind is open for Help select menu option Help &gt; Documentation

To create a mind map, first select the mode as '''Modes &gt; Mindmap (shortcut ALT+1) '''

then select '''FILE &gt; NEW (shortcut Ctrl+N). '''You should see a screen as follows:

To save select menu option FILE &gt; SAVE AS  to see the window below, select the folder /home/bindu/Documents/ITFC/TCoL) to save file and also the name (story) of the mind map.

Note: [./ - means current folder; .// - means parent folder]

To start writing the mind map use the following options selecting from the menu option

Edit &gt; Edit (Shortcut F2)

Edit &gt; Edit a Long Node (Shortcut Alt +Enter)

Edit &gt; New Child Node (Shortcut Insert)



4.3 Science
'''Simulating Experiments using a Computer Tool'''

Science is best learnt by doing and observing. When for different reasons the students do not have access to physics laboratory, making use of computer aided tools to simulate these phenomenon provide students with a virtual laboratory. Using these tools that simulate a science lab is useful to bring children closer to visualize the concepts better and therefore understand some of the complex and abstract phenomenon.

Audio visual aids played an important role to classroom teaching and learning. But in the present context of constructivist learning, interactive software becomes very relevant as it enables children to construct their own experiments and observe the results.

4.3.1 PhET
How to install PhET

Please see the section Additional Installation Guidelines

PhET is a tool that has several science simulations already built-in. There are simulations in Physics, Chemistry and Biology. The power of this tool is that it is possible to simulate experiments that are difficult to perform. It is also very effective for analysing phenomena that occur. This is how the PhET window looks. We will now click on the orange tab which says “Play with sims....&gt;”

PhET Opens in the Firefox Web Browser. When you install the Ubuntu public software, PhET simulations are already downloaded on your machine, so you do not need internet access.

'''How to open a simulation'''

As an example a simulation in Physics is shown below.

This will open a page of simulations with an index on the left. Click on Physics and Motion under Physics on the index. You will see all the simulations listed here.

Now select Energy Skate Park.

This simulation shows total energy is conserved and how Potential Energy-Kinetic Energy conversion takes place.

When we click on this simulation the application will prompt you to either Open or Save it locally.

As all files are already saved locally click on open to start the simulation.

'''Lesson plan using a simulation ''' The simulation window will open which looks like this.

The simulation settings in more detail below.

Process
 * There is a track along which the skater can move.
 * We can choose the skater; the mass.
 * You can choose to add measuring tapes; this will help 	measure distance. If you mark the potential energy reference, you 	can see where the PE is zero. The grid will help plot the position.
 * You can also choose to see the path – the points will 	be marked on the simulation as the skater goes back and forth. The 	display of KE, PE and total energy can be shown through a bar graph. 	The “pie chart” gives you the legend.
 * You can also plot the energy changes with respect to 	time as well as position of the skater. One key parameter in the 	simulation is gravity.
 * You can simulate this experiment on the moon, Earth or 	Jupiter. You can also simulate it in space. The value of “g” 	in the box will change when you click on these different options. 	Notice that gravity is given as N/Kg; what we refer here is 	acceleration due to gravity and has the units m/s2.
 * We can also add track friction (not visible in this 	snapshot) and demonstrate what happens to the skater.


 * Now start the simulation; after adding the grid.
 * Add add the PE reference at 0 metres to be 0.
 * Now we will click on the Bar Graph: This will show the 	changes between PE and KE. Notice that the thermal energy is zero.
 * Energy Position Graph Energy-time graph. This will 	display the PE and KE with respect to position above the ground.
 * The Energy Time Graph will show the PE and KE swings 	across time.
 * Notice that in all these graphs the KE reaches zero; 	but the PE is never zero. The PE is never zero because we the 	lowest part of the track is still above the ground; we have defined 	the ground as the PE reference of zero. A snapshot of these graphs 	is given below.

Now we will look at what happens to the skater when you add track friction and we plot all these graphs.

This is how the graph will look as the skater slows down due to friction and the KE reduces to zero.

Now the skater has come to rest and the KE has come to zero.

Now you can reset the simulation and run it for different values of acceleration due to gravity.

'''Questions for discussion:'''

What do we mean by PE reference?

What does change in PE mean with respect to the reference?

What are the implications of adding friction?

Can you connect this to the gravitational force of attraction?

4.3.2 Step
'''About STEP'''

STEP is an interactive tool for Physics; it can be used for simulating complex interactions in mechanics.

Installing Step 

Please see the Install New Software section to install it if it is not available on your Ubuntu system. You will need to be connected to the internet for this.

Opening STEP

On the desktop click Applications &gt; Science &gt; Step  OR  Applications &gt; Education&gt; '''Step '''

'''The STEP Window'''

This is how the STEP window looks. The main components :

Palette – which contains the objects, interactions and components

World Scene - where the objects interactions and components are added to create the simulation

Properties Window – Where properties of objects from the palette can be viewed and edited

History Window – Where the history of the simulation is recorded

Simulate Button – To start and stop a simulation

Lesson Plan using a simulation

Purpose

Learn to create a simulation in STEP. This activity will simulate free fall of an object.

Process


 * Click on a Disk in the palette window and then 	click on the world scene to add the object
 * Once an object has been added, an interaction can be 	added to the object
 * Click on Weight Force in 	the palette window and then click on the disk in the world scene . A 	red line will appear indicating that the interaction has been added.
 * Now click on Simulate 	to view the simulation.
 * To restore the 	objects to their original position click on undo 
 * Observe the disk properties in the properties window 	and discuss

To save a simulation in STEP ,


 * go to menu item File -&gt; Save As
 * All files will be saved with the extension “step”.
 * Once you save a simulation, you can simply open a 	simulation and demonstrate.

4.3.3 K Tech Lab
'''About K Tech Lab'''

K Tech Lab is a free software which helps to make different types of circuits (electronic &amp; electrical) and conduct experiments. Various electronic components like resistor, diode, switch, transistor, micro controllers etc. can be run using this software. Since it works in GUI mode, it is very easy to handle. The components required for electric circuits can be easily dragged into the work area using a mouse. When we join the pins using mouse, the circuit is formed. The properties of each component is displayed when bring the pointer above it. Students are not able to do some experiments which involve real devices and consumables, even in groups. But these experiments can be done in KTech Lab environment. Thus loss due to the damages and lack of consumables can be avoided. Using this software students can easily form the circuits and can repeat the experiments a number of times.

'''How to Install K Tech Lab'''

Introduction to K Tech Lab Interface
 * You will require Internet connections
 * Go to 	[]
 * Click on the green download button and click 	save.
 * The file ktechlab_0.3-6_i386.deb will be 	downloaded.
 * Go to Ubuntu Menu Places &gt; Home Folder
 * Select Downloads 	folder
 * Double click on 	ktechlab_0.3-6_i386.deb, the software will be installed

First in the File Menu Option Select '''File &gt; New and Select Circuit '''as shown below



K Tech Lab Window



Component Tab 

This tab contains different electronic components that can be used in K Tech Lab. It includes various electrical components, discrete components, switches, output devices, logic components, connection, Integrated Chips etc.

Sources : This section contains various voltages, current sources.

Discrete : Resistors, Condensers, Diodes, transistors etc. are available here.

Outputs : Output components such as LED, Signal Lamp, devices like Voltmeter, Ammeter,

Oscilloscope etc. are arranged in this section.

Work Area: This is the space for building the electronic circuits.

Oscilloscope: It helps to recognise the signals with wave form in graphical mode.

'''All components can be dragged and dropped in the Work Area to create a circuit.'''

To connect the components to make a circuit select either 'Automatic' or 'Manual' as shown below. Please use Automatic as a beginner.

'''Automatic
 * '''Select 'Automatic' from the connection routing mode in the

toolbar. The pointer changes its shape when brought to the lead of the component to be connected. The drag and reach near the lead of the other component. The colour of the line changes and the connection is completed when the mouse is released.

Manual : Select 'Manual' from the connection routing mode in the toolbar. To connect the leads of the electronic components in this mode, bring the mouse pointer near the first lead. The mouse pointer changes, then click at the point and drag in the direction we require. To have a bend

in the circuit click and move the mouse according to our need. When we reach the next lead the colour of the line changes, then click and complete the connection.

'''To change the orientation of the electronic components: '''Right click on the component, which is in the work area, and then change the orientation of that electronic component as required.

Activity 1: Basic Circuit 

'''Purpose: '''To learn to make a basic circuit with battery, switch, signal lamp and voltmeter

Process


 * 1) Drag and Drop a a battery, switch (SPST) and a signal 	lamp in the work area.
 * 2) Use 'Automatic' connection and the mouse to connect the 	circuits as shown below.
 * 3) Click on the switch to see the lamp glow.
 * 4) Add a voltmeter and observe the reading when the 	switch is turned off versus on.
 * 5) Save a K Tech Lab Circuit file

'''Save File : Select File &gt; Save '''and enter file name Activity_1 and save the file. It will save with a .Circuit extension. Click on Save

To open a file select File &gt; Open and select file to open

Discussion Points

Activity 2: Cells in Series/Parallel
 * Discuss this with 	reference to a torch.
 * [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_439f8339.png]]Discuss 	what happens when the circuit is broken (switch is off), so children 	understand that a switch breaks a circuit.

Purpose: To connect cells in series and observe the voltmeter and ammeter readings readings

Process

Discussion Points
 * 1) Drag and Drop 3batteries, switch (SPST), a signal lamp 	and voltmeter as shown in the figures in the work area.
 * 2) [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_m54db48a4.png]]Use 	'Automatic' connection and the mouse to connect the circuits as 	shown below, first the cells in series, then the cells in parallel.
 * 3) Click on the switch to see the lamp glow.
 * 4) Observe the reading of the voltmeter when the switch is 	turned off/on versus on.
 * 5) Save the file as Activity_2

Activity 3 Ohms Law Verification
 * You may discuss what 	happens to the current and voltage (potential difference) when 	connected in series.
 * Compare water flowing through a pipe, and current 	flowing through the circuit and see if it can be explained this way.

Purpose

To verify Ohms Law

Process


 * 1) [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_5e9678ce.png]]Drag 	and Drop a batteries, switch (SPST), an ammeter and voltmeter as 	shown in the figure here.
 * 2) Use 'Automatic' connection and the mouse to connect the 	circuits as shown below.
 * 3) Click on the switch and record the voltmeter and 	ammeter readings
 * 4) Click on the resistor and change the value of the 	resistance and record the readings of the meters.
 * 5) Click on the battery and change the voltage of the 	battery.
 * 6) Record the different readings.
 * 7) Save the file as Activity_3

4.4.1 KGeography
About KGeography

KGeography is a Geography educational tool that allows you to explore maps by continents, countries. Children can explore states, their capitals, flags etc of each country.

Purpose

In an interactive and fun way allow children to explore the world maps and create activities to enhance the children's knowledge about a specific continent, country or state. Can introduce children to concept of direction (north south east west), routes etc...

How to Install KGeography

Please see section on how to Install New Software in this document.

'''Activity 1: To open and use the basic Explore Map option.'''



Computer Lab Activity Ideas:
 * To 	explore a continent or country click on File 	&gt; Open Map and 	select a country and click OK
 * [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_325bfc6d.png]]Place 	mouse over the region in colour and left-click to view Name and 	Capital

Activity 2 : Test yourself
 * 1) First explore India, and all the states and capital
 * 2) Point out the islands of India and talk about what 	islands are.
 * 3) Explore North South East West directions
 * 4) [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_m2a41030b.png]]Talk 	about what a capital of the state means, also talk about the capital 	of the country.
 * 5) Ask if someone has to travel from place A to B 	(Bangalore, Karnataka to Puri, Orrisa) what states they need to pass 	and which direction they need to travel.
 * 6) Identify the smallest and largest states
 * 7) What states are called the “Seven Sisters”. What is 	Karnataka called ?


 * To test yourself, select any tab (Location of 	States and Territories) in Test Yourself as seen in 	image in previous page.
 * The window below will appear, select the number of 	questions (1 to 35) and select OK
 * The question will appear on the left hand panel
 * [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_53f83736.jpg]]When 	all questions are completed the results are shown below. Each state 	is marked by a distinct colour and the result shows the correct 	answer and what the user marked.

4.4.2 Marble
Marble is like a desktop Atlas that you can use to learn more about Earth. You can zoom in and out looking at different places in the world. There are different thematic map here: A classroom-style ''topographic map, a satellite view, street map, earth at 'night and temperature and precipitation 'maps''. All maps include a custom map key, so it can also be used as an educational tool for use in class-rooms. For educational purposes you can also change date and time and watch how the starry sky and the twilight zone on the map change. Not only do you get globe view, but you can change it to a Flat Map as well.

'''How to install'''

'''How to Measure Distances'''
 * Go to system – Administration – Synaptic Package 	Manager.
 * Type Marble in the search bar.
 * It will usually be the first option that you get. 	Right-click – Click on Mark for Installation.
 * Click on Apply
 * Once this is complete, Marble will be available in 	Applications – Education – Marble.

To measure the distances between two places on the earth, right click on the first location and click on “add to measure”. Click on the second location.


 * A red line is drawn between the two locations and the 	distance can be seen on the top left corner in a box.
 * How to Set the time
 * You can change the time to whatever you like on Marble. 	Go to View – Sun Control
 * Use this window to play around with the time


 * How to Download new maps
 * Go to file – Download Maps. Click “install” on 	the maps you want to download. (you need to be connected to the 	Internet for this). For more information on how to use Marble, 	please click []

4.4.3 KStars
'''About KStars'''

KStars is a Desktop Planetarium for KDE. It provides an accurate graphical simulation of the night sky, from any location on Earth, at any date and time. The display includes upto 100 million stars, 13,000 deep-sky objects,all 8 planets, the Sun and Moon, and thousands of comets and asteroids.

To access KStars click on '''Applications &gt; Science&gt; Kstars'''

'''Activity 1 Solar Eclipse '''

Purpose 

To view the solar eclipse as seen in Bangalore on January 15th 2010.

Process


 * 1) Set the location as Bangalore by selecting file menu 	option Settings &gt; Geographic or pressing Ctrl+G
 * 2) Select Bangalore, India as the location.


 * 1) Set the time by selecting file menu option Time &gt; 	Set Time or pressing Ctrl+S




 * 1) Press Ctrl+F and find the sun on the map.


 * 1) Press the play/Pause button to start the simulation, 	and keep the time at 10seconds   [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_m13abc4e6.png]]

Activity 2 Solar System 

Purpose

View the solar system. And see the revolution of the planets around the sun.

Process


 * 1) Set the location as 	Bangalore by selecting file menu option Tools &gt; Solar 	System or pressing Ctrl+Y
 * 2) Press Play button to simulate the movements of 	the planets
 * 3) Use the scale to place an orbit of any planet at 0, 	when the planet is at position 0, note the clock measure and stop 	the clock when it comes back to zero position to measure how long 	the planet takes to complete one revolution.

4.5.1 Geogebra
Introduction to Drawing in Geometry

In many of our schools we are seeing children struggling to grasp mathematics concepts. Sometimes explaining concepts such as point, line, plane, chord, radius become very vague for children and hence prevents them from grasping the concepts completely and hence they struggle to progress in the subject.

There are many new methods that are being adopted to make concepts less abstract in mathematics like using pictures, cutting shapes out of cardboard etc... Often these aids are very time consuming. IT based tools allow us to easily manipulate drawings and allow children hands-on experience and visual stimulation to make mathematics come alive and be less vague.

Geogebra is a good example of a computer aided tool, which helps us in learning Geometry, Algebra and Calculus. It is a free software, which functions in GNU Linux Operating System.

Geogebra cannot replace children using the compass box to draw. The children in classes must use the compass box and pencils to draw and construct. This tool must be used by teachers to animate some concepts and theorems to enable them to use it as a teaching aid to further their own teaching methodologies.

About Geogebra 

Geogebra is dynamic mathematics computer aided tool for schools that combines geometry, algebra, and calculus.

One part of Geogebra is an interactive geometry system. You can do constructions with points, line segments, parallel lines, line intersections, polygons, circles and more.

Another part of Geogebra allows you to enter equations and coordinates directly. Thus, Geogebra has the ability to deal with variables for numbers, vectors, and points.

You can also see the algebraic expressions of the figures you draw and change the values in algebraic expressions to dynamically see the change in the geometry figure and vice-versa.

Opening Geogebra

On the desktop click Applications &gt; Science &gt; Geogebra or Applications &gt; Education&gt; Geogebra.

Installing Geogebra

Please see the Install New Software section to install it if it is not available on your Ubuntu system. You will need to be connected to the internet for this.

The Geogebra Window

The figure shows the default Geogebra Window. The details of each section are explained below.

Menu Bar: Typical windows command menu bar. We will be using the File command only.

Tool Bar:  Has all the tools (compass box) to use in the graphic view

Display for Tools: It tells you which tool is active to use on the graphic view

Graphic View: Used to draw the geometric figures. This window can never be closed.

Algebra View: Shows the algebraic expressions. This window can be closed if you are working only on geometry.

Input Bar: This is used to enter more complex mathematical expressions that may not be available on the Tool Bar. (Not used in this training session)

Commands: To use along with the Input Bar, to select from a list of available commands. (Not used in this training session)

Tool Bar

We can consider the Tool Bar to be like a compass box. Today we will consider the Geogebra tools that correspond to using a pencil, a ruler and a compass in a compass box.

To see the list of related tools, click on the arrow at the bottom right hand corner of each tool as shown below.

Basic Use of Tools (Refer to above diagram, left)

'''Graphic Window with Grids Displayed (Refer to above diagram,right)'''
 * Activate a tool by clicking on the button showing the 	corresponding icon.
 * Open a toolbox by clicking on the lower part of a 	button and select another tool from this toolbox.


 * Place 	the mouse pointer over the graphic 	view 	area. 	Right Click and check the Grid option. To remove the grid view, 	un-check the option. See diagram below.

'''Activity 1: Drawing pictures with Geogebra '''

Purpose:  To familiarize oneself with the Geogebra window and some of the basic geometry tools.

Process

Use the mouse and the following selection of tools in order to draw figures on the drawing pad.

Start by drawing the following : [ A Point, A Line Segment, A Square, A House, A Circle]



'''Activity 2 : Saving/Opening Geogebra files '''

Purpose

Save and retrieve Geogebra Files.

Process

To Open an existing Geogebra file select menu '''File &gt; Open. '''A Open Window (just like the save window) pops up. Select the folder that you had saved the file and look for the file with extension '.ggb' in the box on the left side and click Open.
 * 1) Open 	the File menu (Menu Bar) and select Save.
 * 2) [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_m18ab2ba9.gif]]Select 	the folder Your Name 	&gt; Workshop &gt; Geogebra 	 in the pop-up dialogue window.
 * 3) Type in a name for your Geogebra file.
 * 4) Click 	the Save 	 button to save the file.

'''Activity 3 (Measurement)'''

Purpose

To learn to use the measurement tools Angle  and '''Distance and Length.'''

Process

'''Activity 4 Triangles '''
 * 1) Open file 'Activity_1.ggb'.
 * 2) To measure select the tools from the Angle toolbar. Use 	these tools to measure the following
 * 3) Measure 		the Length of the Line Segment (Distance 		or Length)
 * 4) Measure 		the Angles of the Square (Angle)
 * 5) Measure 		the Circumference of the circle (Distance 		or Length)

Purpose 

To verify that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle are 180 degrees.

Process


 * 1) Draw three points A, B, C (New Point tool)
 * 2) Draw 	three line segments AB, AC, BC (Segment 	between two points 	tool)
 * 3) Select the Angle 	tool to measure each of 	the interior angles of the triangle.
 * 4) Now verify that the sum of all the interior angles 	equals to 180 degrees.
 * 5) Select one of the vertices of the triangle (A,B or C) 	and move the points (Move tool) to change the shape of the 	triangles.

Activity 5 (Explain different types of polygons)

Purpose

To demonstrate the different types of polygons.

Process


 * 1) Create a slider by clicking on the Slider tool    [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_7d501021.png]]
 * 2) Select Radio Button: Number,   Name: a,   min: 3,   max:10,   Increment: 1 and press Apply.


 * 1) [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_55c8b87c.png]]Select 	the tool Regular Polygon and mark the two points A and B of 	one side of the polygon on the drawing pad. You will be prompted 	with a window as shown. Please put the slider name “a” in 	the box provided and press OK.
 * 2) Select the Insert Text tool and write the text: 	A polygon with three sides is called a TRAINGLE as shown in the figure along-side and press OK.      [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_m54a4f415.png]]
 * 3) Right click on the text created and select object 	properties. Click the Advanced tab. Enter a=3 in 	Condition to Show Object and press OK.
 * 4) Repeat steps 4 and 5 for as many polygons 7 more times 	to show up to 10 sided polygon.
 * 5) Select the move tool and demonstrate the 	different polygons.

Activity 6 (Explain different terms related to circle)

Purpose

To enable understanding of different terms and definitions related to a circle.

 Circle: The collection of all the points in a plane, which are at a fixed distance from a fixed point in the plane, is called a circle. The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the fixed distance is called the '''radius '''of the circle.

Process

A circle divides the plane on which it lies into three parts. They are: (i) inside the circle, which is also called the interior of the circle; (ii) the circle and (iii) outside the circle, which is also called the exterior of the circle. The circle and its interior make up the circular region.
 * 1) Draw a Circle using the circle with centre through 	point tool
 * 2) Draw multiple line segments using the line Segment 	tool where one point is on the circle centre and the other 	point anywhere on the circumference of the circle.
 * 3) Observe the value of the line segments.

Process


 * 1) Draw a Circle using the circle with centre through 	point tool.
 * 2) Select the circle, right click and select object 	properties.
 * 3) Select the colour tab in the object properties 	window and choose a colour
 * 4) Select the style tab in the object properties 	window and change the line thickness and filling values.
 * 5) Then explain the three parts described above.

Chord: If you take two points P and Q on a circle, then the line segment PQ is called a chord of the circle. The chord, which passes through the centre of the circle, is called a diameter of the circle. A diameter is the longest chord and all diameters have the same length, which is equal to two times that of the radius .

Process


 * 1) Draw a circle using the circle with centre through 	point tool.
 * 2) Draw many chords for the circle using the line 	segment tool that do not pass through the centre of the 	circle.
 * 3) Draw multiple chords of the circle using the line 	segment tool that pass through the centre of the circle 	(Diameter).
 * 4) Draw a line segment that represents the radius of the 	circle.
 * 5) Then explain the three parts described above.

4.5.2 KTurtle
About Kturtle

Kturtle is a tool to understand basic concepts of programming in computers. The commands are simple and can be visualized by children and hence understood easily. It can be seen as giving instructions to a robot (the turtle) and making the turtle “do what you want it to do”.

Purpose:

Introduce children to the basic idea of programming and the generic logic constructs. Can make the concept of computer programming less intimidating for both teacher and student. In today's digital world, mathematics education may be seen as may areas of learning coming together. These parts are conceptual understanding of the mathematics, using the algorithms to internalize and apply the conceptual understanding pattern recognition and logical reasoning especially to understand theorems and proofs. K Turtle helps teachers build logical reasoning and pattern recognition with children. As it is visual, many geometric properties can also be understood through the use of K Turtle, like making the turtle draw a square requires the child to understand the properties of a square. Thus it is very useful to teach logical reasoning side by side with mathematics. This tool provides a interactive and easy method to do the same with children starting in the upper primary classes.

Activity 1



Open application '''Applications &gt; Education &gt; Kturtle and introduce the user to the following windows, editor and canvas'''.

Editor : Space for entering the commands, please note the different colours that are used for keywords (blue) and the quantities (red) etc...

Canvas: Is see the turtle in action when the command being executed.

Now introduce four simple commands '''reset ,forward, backward, turnleft, turnright'''

Reset :Clears the canvas and the turtle is positioned in the center of the canvas facing forward.

Forward &lt;Number of pixels) : Turtle moves forward by the number of pixels specified

Backward &lt;Number of pixels) : Turtle moves backward by the number of pixels specified

turnleft &lt;Number of Degrees&gt;: Turtle turns left (anti clockwise) by the number of degrees specified

turnright &lt;Number of Degrees&gt;: Turtle turns right (clockwise) by the number of degrees specified

Note:  You can also go to menu option '''Tools &gt; Direction Chooser.'''

Type the following commands in the Editor window: 

Reset

forward 100

turnright 90

backward 100

turnleft 90

forward 50

Do the following:

1. Click Save As Save the

'''Activity 2 : Using the commands from activity 1 create a Square '''

Reset

Forward 100

Turnright 90

Forward 100

Turnright 90

Forward 100

Turnright 90

Forward 100

Turnright 90

Investigation

Talk about repeated commands and what they think should be done and lead them to the command Repeat &lt;No of Times &gt; { &lt;List of Commands}

Redo Square program as

'''Activity 3 : Using the commands from activity 1 &amp; 2 discuss how a CIRCLE may be created. '''

Investigation: 

Table 1: Circle Program
 * 1) What is the definition of a circle really.
 * 2) What is the relationship between the number of times 	the command is repeated and the command that is within the repeat 	loop.
 * 3) Can we change the numbers, what happens

Activity 4 Bringing some colour to the canvas.

Introduce the following commands, can also go to menu Tools &gt; Color Picker  for selecting colour



canvascolor &lt;Amount of Red&gt;, &lt;Amount of Green&gt;, &lt;Amount of Blue&gt; : Changes the colour of the canvas

'''pencolor &lt;Amount of Red&gt;, &lt;Amount of Green&gt;, &lt;Amount of Blue&gt; : '''Changes the colour of the pen (pencolor 0,0,0 is black)

penwidth &lt;thickness of the pen)

Investigation

Learn the concepts of colour mixing with the primary colours red, green and blue

Activity 5 : 

Create a flower or some Rangoli Pattern as shown below or any other pattern they come up with





4.6 Record My Desktop – A tool to record the desktop

 * It is a free and open source 	screen-casting software.
 * It is a desktop session recorder 	for GNU/Linux.

4.6.1 Launching the Application


Note:

If you do not have RecordMyDesktop in Sound &amp; Video, you have to install it using Ubuntu Software Center.


 * Go to Applications → Ubuntu 	Software Center.
 * On the top right corner, type 	“RecordMyDesktop” in the search.
 * Click on it and select Install.
 * This process shall take some time and 	upon completion, RecordMyDesktop will appear under Sound &amp; 	Video.

4.6.2 The Main Window

 * Once the application is launched, the 	main window of RecordMyDesktop appears (as shown in the screen 	shot).


 * On the top-right corner, we can see two scale widgets, 	labelled as “Video Quality” and “Sound Quality”. These 	control the quality of the encoded file (bitrate) and not that of 	capturing.
 * Beneath 	the video and sound quality settings, there is a large button named 	“Advanced”. 	Clicking that will bring a new window, that will allow you to set a 	vast number of options, and fine tune the behaviour of the program.

4.6.3 Advanced Settings
All options in this window are applied when you close it. If you start a recording and the “advanced” window is open, it will close itself and any changes you've made will immediately be applied to your current session.

4.6.4 Using RecordMyDesktop
Upon launching RecordMyDesktop, a small red button appears on the top panel of your desktop using which we can start, pause and stop the recording.



4.6.5 Start the recording

 * To 	start the recording, click on “Record” in the main window (or) 	click on the red button and select “record”.
 * This 	will create a window along your desktop border indicating the 	recording has started.
 * [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_m7f200d0.png]]The 	red button will now be like a square button.


 * During 	recording,you can pause the recording by clicking on the red button 	and selecting “pause”.
 * This 	will pause the recording and there will be two vertical parallel 	lines on the top panel indicating the recording has been paused.
 * To 	resume the recording again, click on the parallel lines and select 	“continue recording”.

4.6.6 Stop the recording

 * To stop the recording, click on the 	red button select “stop”.
 * This will stop the recording and a 	new window will appear called “record my desktop encoder”.
 * This will take some time and prepare 	your video to be viewed.

Note:


 * Do not press “cancel” when your 	video is being encoded.
 * If you do so, the recording will not 	be encoded and the video cannot be viewed.

4.6.7.1 Show/Hide Main Window

 * Click on “Select Window” in the 	main window (or) click on the red button on top panel and select 	“Show/hide Main Window”. This will hide the main window of 	RecordMyDesktop.
 * To make the main window visible 	again, select the same option.

4.6.7.2 Select Area On Screen

 * To record a specific area of your 	screen, select the option “Select Area On Screen”.
 * Use your mouse by dragging it to 	select the area you want to record.

4.6.7.3 About

 * Click on the red button on top panel 	and select “About”.
 * A small window will appear giving 	information about RecordMyDesktop.

4.6.7.4 Quit

 * To 	close the RecordMyDesktop application, click on “quit” in the 	main window (or) select the “quit” option under the red button 	options.

= 5 Installation of Ubuntu =

5.1.1 Preface
This section will help you to understand the following:


 * What is Edubuntu?
 * What are the requirements to setup Edubuntu?
 * How to install it?
 * How does it work?
 * Other configurations on Edubuntu (OpenOffice, 	Kannada setup etc)

5.1.2 What is Edubuntu?
	Edubuntu, is the '''Ubuntu Education Edition '''which is designed for use in classroom and 	schools.


 * LTSP - Linux 	Terminal Server Project (LTSP) 	is a free and open source add-on package for Linux that allows many 	people to simultaneously use the same computer.

5.1.3 What are the requirements to setup Edubuntu?

 * You will need the Edubuntu 12.04 LTSP DVD (which has 	been given to you)
 * Hardware Requirements – minimum 1GB RAM and 160 	GB Hard Disk

5.1.4 How to install Edubuntu?

 * Insert 	DVD in your CD/DVD-ROM device and reboot the computer in order to 	boot from the CD.
 * Note: Hit 	the F8, F11 or F12 key (depending on your BIOS) to select the 	CD/DVD-ROM as the first boot device in the boot sequence order.
 * The following steps show how to set your DVD as your 	first boot device:
 * 1) By 	pressing the DEL 	or F2 OR F12 key (depending on your BIOS) 	when your computer is starting you should see something like this.
 * 2) Using 	the arrow keys select Boot 	and press enter to access the Boot 	Device Priority 	menu.

Press 	enter on the highlighted 1st 	Boot Device 	and select CD/DVD 	ROM 	from the menu.
 * 1) [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_m7b424f41.png]]


 * 1) In this BIOS you have to press F10 to save and exit any 	changes that you have made. Press enter and the changes will be 	saved and you will exit the BIOS.

 'Note: The images shown may vary in your machines. You may not have the exact options, but you will have similar names/menus/options.' 

When your computer is starting it will now boot from the CD.

5.1.5.1 Starting the Installation Process
Insert the selected installation media and start the computer up.

Select the option '''install - start the installer directly. '''

We will include screen-shots for the rest of the installation process.


 * Use 	the arrows on the keyboard to select the English 	language 	and then press the Enter key.
 * In the next step, the following points will be checked 	–
 * enough 		space available for the installation – this 		is important
 * your 		system is connected to the internet – this 		is not required
 * your 		system should be connected to the power source – this 		is important as the installation can take a long time  (as 		shown below in the screen-shot). Click 		Forward

5.1.5.2 Edubuntu Options and Partitioning
After this step, the installation begins. Few more steps have to completed, as shown below.
 * On the Disk Setup page, you can choose how Edubuntu 	should be installed.
 * [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_387cb0d3.png]]Edubuntu 	installs a complete operating system to your computer.
 * You can choose to install Edubuntu side-by-side with 	your existing operating system, erase the entire disk and start from 	scratch.  The 	preferred option would be to choose the option Install 	them side-by-side, choosing between them each start-up.   Click 	Forward.

Note – The order of the following steps may vary during the installation in your machines.

'' Select your time zone ''

In the next step, you will be presented with a world map. Select the '''India '''map by clicking on it. Click Forward.



5.1.5.3 Select your keyboard layout

 * [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_7be11ea6.png]]In 	this step, you have to choose the keyboard layout. The default 	keyboard layout is USA 	and 	it is selected by default in this step as shown below.
 * Click Forward 	(Default 	Keyboard Layout - USA).
 * Click on Forward.
 * This will install Edubuntu along side Windows and you 	will be able to use both the operating systems without any loss of 	data.

5.1.5.4 Enter User Details

 * [[Image:4.1%20%20Resource%20Book%20for%20MRP%20Cascade%20training%20-%20RMSA%20Subject%20Teachers%20Forum%20-%20IT%20for%20Change%20November%202011_html_m6455b633.png]]In 	the user setup dialog, you will be requested to set up the 	administrator user on the system.
 * The user name cannot start with a number, and must be 	lowercase letters only.
 * If you make mistakes, the installer will warn you about 	it. It is recommended that you require a password to 	log in to the 	system.

5.1.5.5 Installation Complete
Your server machine with Edubuntu, version 12.04 is now ready for use. You can proceed to install the educational tools on the server given on another CD
 * After 	the installation is complete, click on Restart 	Now 
 * Restart your system now and your DVD tray will open 	automatically.
 * Remove 	the DVD and press Enter.

5.1.5.6 Additional Settings after Installation

 * The 	tool PhET 	is 	already installed on your system now. To add it to the menu
 * Click on Applications → 	System Tools → Preferences → Main Menu. On the left hand box, 	select education or science menu and click on the New Item button. 	In the box that appears
 * Type

5.2 FAQ
Please visit [] . There are also FAQ's in Kannada on this website.