Circles

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= Concept Map = flash

= Textbook =

ncert books
Class 9 Mathematics contain simple description and theorems on circles.

=Additional Information=

Useful websites

 * 1) maths is fun A good website on definitions for circles.
 * 2) Cool math For clear and easy definitions.
 * 3) Open reference Contains good simulations.
 * 4) Wikipedia Has good explanations on circles.
 * 5) Khan academy Has good educative videos.
 * 6) Arvind gupta toys Contains good information.
 * 7) nrich.maths.org Refer for understanding Pi.

Reference Books

 * 1) School Geometry By Hall and Stevens. Part3 pageno 143. Contains basic definitions and proofs given by Euclid.

= Teaching Outlines = Introduction to circle

Concept #1 Introduction to Circle
=Notes for teachers = Source: http://circlesonly.wordpress.com/tag/inventions/ Summary : The circle is the most primitive and rudimentary of all human inventions, and at the same time, the most dynamic. It is the cornerstone in the foundation of science and technology. It is the basic tool of all engineers and designers. It is used by the greatest artists and architects in the history of mankind. Without a circular shape the wheel, pulleys, gears, ball bearings and a thousand other items we take for granted wouldn’t exist. And of course we would never have the pleasure of driving a car, riding a giant wheel, or watching the moon landing on our television set. If you look through any old patent claim, you will most likely find the repeated use of circles, spheres, curves, arches, etc. circles are everything and they are nothing. They don’t exist in reality and yet they are the basis of all that mankind has brought into existence. That is why a circle is so fantastic.

Learning objectives

 * 1) Appreciation of circle as an important shape as it is an intrical component in the invention of almost everything that we see around us.
 * 2) To make students know that circle is a 2-dimensional plane circular figure.
 * 3) All points on its edge are equidistant from the center.
 * 4) The method of drawing a circle
 * 5) The size of the circle is defined by its radius.
 * 6) To elicit the difference between a bangle or a circular ring and circle as such.



Activity No # 1. A discussion on “Life without circular shaped figures.”
Previous day homework :
 * Estimated Time: 45 minutes
 * Materials/ Resources needed: Paper, pen
 * Prerequisites/Instructions, if any:
 * 1) Ask the children to make a list of all circular objects that they can think of :
 * 2) List as many devices as you can think of  that depend on the wheel.(Consider objects in your home, at school, games and toys, machines, vehicles and engines as you make your list.)
 * 3) Now imagine living in a world without any kind of wheels or rolling devices. How would life be different?  Would it be harder? How and why? Describe what it would be like to live without any wheels.
 * Multimedia resources
 * Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets

Have an open discussion with children. Initially let the children share their ideas and do most of the talking. Ensure that the intended discussion remains within the context. Make a mind map on blackboard of all relavant points discussed. Let them appreciate the significance of circular shape thus setting the stage for further study of this fantastic shape called “circles”.
 * Process:(How to do the activity)
 * Developmental Questions :(What discussion questions)
 * 1) What all shapes do we see around us ?
 * 2) Can you imagine bicycles and your other vehicles without circular wheels ?
 * 3) How different life would have been if wheel was not disovered ?
 * 4) What about potter's wheel  and stone mill?
 * 5) Do you think that it is necessary for us to study and understand the parameters of circle in depth and detail ?
 * Evaluation:
 * 1) Do you all now agree that wheel is one of the greatest inventions of mankind? Justify
 * Question Corner:
 * 1) Are  shapes important ? How?
 * 2) Is bangle a circle ?
 * 3) When you say shape, what do you mean ?

Activity No # 2.

 * Estimated Time
 * Materials/ Resources needed
 * Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
 * Multimedia resources
 * Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets
 * Process/ Developmental Questions
 * Evaluation
 * Question Corner

Activity No # 3. Circle of varying radius using Geogebra
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enableRightClick="false" showAlgebraInput="false" enableShiftDragZoom="false" showMenuBar="false" showToolBar="false" showToolBarHelp="true" enableLabelDrags="false" showResetIcon="false" />
 * Estimated Time: 20 mins
 * Materials/ Resources needed: Laptop, geogebra,projector and a pointer
 * Prerequisites/Instructions, if any:
 * 1) Theory on circles introduction should have been done.
 * Multimedia resources: Laptop
 * Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets:

Show the geogebra file and ask the following questions.
 * Process:
 * Developmental Questions:
 * 1) What is a circle ?
 * 2) Which point is the centre of the circle ?
 * 3) What is the radius of this circle ?
 * 4) How do you name the radius ?
 * Evaluation:
 * 1) By what parameter is the size of a circle defined ?
 * 2) Bigger the radius, _____________
 * Question Corner:
 * 1) How do you name a circle ?
 * 2) Can you draw a circle without knowing the radius ?

Activity No # 3. Is circle a Polygon ? - A debate.
Laptop, geogebra file, projector and a pointer. <ggb_applet width="1280" height="600" version="4.0" 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enableRightClick="false" showAlgebraInput="false" enableShiftDragZoom="false" showMenuBar="false" showToolBar="false" showToolBarHelp="true" enableLabelDrags="false" showResetIcon="false" /> Demonstrate the geogebra file and ask the questions listed below. Debate between two groups with these two perspectives. Vs
 * Estimated Time: 40 minutes
 * Materials/ Resources needed
 * Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
 * 1) Ensure that lesson on polygons is done.
 * Multimedia resources:Laptop
 * Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets: This geogebra file has been created by maths STF teachers.
 * Process:
 * Developmental Questions:
 * 1) How many sides does this figure have ?
 * 2) Name the figure formed.
 * 3) What is hapenning to the length of the sides as the number of sides is increased ?
 * 4) What shape is this ?
 * So, can circle be considered a polygon ? Justify
 * Evaluation:
 * 1) Are the students able to comprehend that the number of sides is getting infinite as the shape resembles a circle ?
 * 2) Are the students able to appreciate the application of polygon anology to circles.
 * Question Corner;
 * 1) Circle seems to have derived from polygons . Circle can be considered a polygon.
 * 1) A polygon is defined by a certain number of sides having non zero length. Then how can circle be  a polygon ? (hint: all radii in a circle should be equal ???)

= Hints for difficult problems =

Ex 4.4.2
DATA :- Let AB & CD are the two chords which are equidistant from the centre 'O'  of the circle. [ Here OP is the perpendicular distance from the centre O to the chord AB and OQ is the perpendicular distance from  the centre O to the chord CD] OP = OQ.
 * 1) Suppose two chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre of the circle, prove that the chords have equal length.

TO PROVE :- AB = CD,

CONSTRUCTION :- Join OA & OD.

PROOF :- {[Consider In ∆AOP & ∆DOQ OA = OD                              OP = OQ                  Angle APO = Angle DQO ∆AOP ≡ ∆DOQ AP = DQ    Let  AB = AP + BP                  = AP + AP                  = 2AP AB = 2DQ -- 1. and CD = CQ + DQ                  = DQ + DQ            CD = 2DQ - 2. From equtn 1 & equtn 2 AB = CD

Radii of the circle Equi distances from circle

SAS Axiom Acording to properties of SAS axiom.

Perpendicular drawn from centre to chord which bisect the chord, i.e. AP = BP.

Perpendicular drawn from centre to chord which bisect the chord, i.e. CQ = DQ Acording to AXIOM-1]}


 * }

= Project Ideas =

= Math Fun =

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