Organisms

= Concept Map =

= Syllabus =

= Scope of this document =

The text books are revised on the basis of National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 at all levels in India. The NCF has prepared five guiding principles for curriculum development:

This resource book contains the resources helpful for Science teachers of Std 6thto 10th for the topic of organisms. This gives extra informations about Organisms and various methodologies that can be implemented during teaching-learning process. There are links of web sites, videos and audios of various interesting activities which will be helpful for teachers and students.In this resource material, importance is given to (a) content, (b) methodology and ( c) continuous and comprehensive evaluation.
 * 1) connecting knowledge to life 	outside the school
 * 1) ensuring that learning 	shifts away from rote methods;
 * 2) enriching the curriculum so that it goes beyond textbooks;
 * 3) making examinations more flexible and integrating them with 	classroom life;
 * 4) and nurturing an overriding identity informed by caring 	concerns within the democratic polity of the country.   NCF 2005 Science Position paper emphasizes on 	activity -based teaching, Inquiry -based approach, Learning by 	doing, Project-work, Research, field visits and experiments which 	helps in experiential learning. Often however there remains a gap 	between the generally agreed objectives of the curriculum and their 	actual translation 	into textbooks and teaching practices.This resource material is an 	attempt to close this gap as much as possible. 	 Extra knowledge and abstract ideas are focussed along with 	innovative and child- centered activities.   What 	does it contain?

'''How can teacher use it?'''

The teachers of any class can go through this resource on Organisms. The students are learning about various organisms from lower classes only. As they proceed to higher classes, the subject content is more deeper and comprehensive. If teacher clicks on the web link given, he/she can collect extra information of his/her desired sub themes of the topic- organisms. This helps in building content knowledge. For each sub theme, many variety of activities (online and offline) are framed. These teaching methodologies help in enhanced learning among students. The teachers also has to prepare for the lessons, activities and for structuring evaluation processes.

Preparation for teachers
Teachers need to prepare at multiple levels for teaching any content. This will include identifying learning objectives, detailing methods of the activity/ lesson and structuring evaluation processes. Teachers have to take trouble of planning the teaching -learning process earlier to the class- room transaction and keep the materials ready for teaching before hand. There are also activities for continuous and comprehensive evaluation (CCE) which guide teachers to assess the students. There are several components to evaluation also - evaluation for a lesson or experience, evaluation of student understanding of the topic and self evaluation for the teachers. Before we get into evaluation, it may be useful to look at some guidelines for teachers while planning a class or an activity.

Planning an activity
1.Identify what are the learning objectives to be met using the activity.

2.Try out each activity for yourself beforehand. Check the working of audio-video aids.

3. Spend some time in the previous lesson explaining what the students are going to do and what material they might need to bring from home.

4. Plan how the class will be organised - at their seats or working in groups; inside or outside the classroom.

5. Before starting on the activity make sure all the students understand what they will be doing, and why. Give the students time to ask questions.

6. (For outdoor activities) Before going outside, explain what the students will do outside,where they should and should not go, and when they should return.

7. Let students work independently as much as possible, while you concentrate your attention on the slower students or those who need encouragement.

8. Keep to certain routines in the classroom so that students know what kinds of things they are expected to do. For example, set up a system whereby students clean up the place after the activity.

Evaluation format
The following is one suggested format for evaluation. Based on the unit, class and activities, teachers can design evaluation formats based on these principles.

Parameters for evaluation
There are several parameters for evaluation including participation in the lesson, understanding of concept and content and the development of skills. The following are some of the pointers that teachers can use for evaluation.

Teachers might give grades of A, B, C, D, or E for each assessment box in the Unit,according to the activities done. and then calculate the average for each category. To calculate the average, the number equivalent of the grades can be used (A = 4, B = 3, C = 2, D = 1, E = 0). Write this grade in the box for the category on that page.• After completion of the Unit find the average score on each category over the whole Unit. Write this score in the Unit Assessment Sheet. The grades on all the categories in the four Units can be averaged to give a final grade for the year.
 * 1) Observation (Ob) : Teachers should observe the 	student's participation and involvement in classroom and outdoor 	activities. That is enthusiasm in doing activities, patience and 	concentration of the students. And grade can be given.
 * 2) Understanding of the concept can be measured by-   a) Oral work (Or) – Answering to questions and asking 	questions to other students or to the teacher. This can be through 	discussion or explanation.   b) Written work (Wr) : Clarity in reporting observation of 	activities, project work, discussions, assignment etc. The written 	work can be extended to include non-textual work and this can 	include ICTs.
 * 3) Designing Skills (DS) 	: Assessment of design skills should include both the ‘planning’ 	and the ‘doing’ parts of manual 	activities. These activities include drawing, handling plants and 	animals as well as tools and equipment, seeing the connection 	between a material and its uses, constructing, measuring and 	plotting graphs and charts.
 * 4) Independent 	Thinking (IT) : Is 	the student able to extend the learning and come up with original 	ideas?
 * 5) Co-operation 	with other students(Co) 	 Able to consider the ideas of other students and 	to work in a group.
 * 6) Completion of home assignments (HA) 	– Is 	the student able to complete home assignments on time.

Organism and its characteristics
There are common features of organisms:

An organism is any contiguous living creature which is capable of breathing, response to stimulus, reproduction, excretion, growth and development and maintenance of homeostatis as a stable whole. An organism may be unicellular (single celled) or multi cellular( many cells). The surrounding where the organisms live is called habitat.
 * All 	organisms reproduce
 * There 	are patterns of responsiveness and behavior
 * There 	are geographic areas in which organisms live
 * Organisms 	try to maintain order through self regulation

Objectives

 * 1) To observe and record 	characteristics of living beings (this topic is already introduced 	in lower classes)
 * 2) To develop skills of observation 	and classification

Method

 * 1) Group work
 * 2) Materials required: Pen and work sheet (Note book).
 * 3) Time Required: 30 	Minutes.

Additional web resources

 * 1) To 	know more visit []
 * 2) http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/rnfrst_animal_page.htm

Diversity in organisms and their classification
Every organism whether plant or animal is unique in itself. There is a wide diversity in the flora (plants) and fauna (animals) in the world. The diversity we see today is the result of 3.5 billion years of organic evolution. During the course of this evolution several species vanished from the surface of the Earth and became extinct. It is estimated that more than fifty times the existing species have become extinct. With such a vast number of organisms - both living and extinct, it becomes impossible to study every one of them at individual level. This task of studying the diversity of living organisms can be made easier and more effective if the various organisms are arranged in an orderly manner.

Classification is one such method of studying living organisms in a systematic manner. By making a comparative study and assorting the similarities and differences amongst the various varieties of species, organisms can be classified into groups or sets. Systematics is the study of the diversity of organisms with their environments.

Objectives

 * 1) Understand about the variety of animal and plant life 	through direct observation, activities and by using secondary 	sources like videos, pictures,etc.
 * 2) To develop skills of recording and classification

Method

 * 1) Nature of Activity: pair work
 * 2) Materials required: Pen and work sheet (Note book)
 * 3) Time Required: 30 	Minutes.
 * 4) Video-clippings
 * []
 * []
 * []
 * www.youtube.com/watch?v=IW23Qhg2v-0

Procedure (part 1):
Teacher tells students to compare their nose, hair, and eye with their friend's and find differences in size and colour. To compare horse with donkey, monkey and gorrilla. What similarities are found between these animals? Which two animals can be grouped as having common characteristics? What is the basis of our identification? In this activity, we had to decide which characteristics were more important in forming the desired category. Now, think of all the different forms in which life occurs on earth. Watch the video-clippings and the various kinds of animals that live there.

Procedure (part 2):
Time required : 30 minutes

Give instruction to students to watch the video/ pictures carefully and to make notes on what they observed and listened. Students must now make a list of animals and plants which have similar structure, shape and size. And their differences. Encourage students to identify unfamiliar plants/ animals or new words while watching video-clippings/ photos/ pictures etc. and raise their hands to ask for meaning, definition etc.

Discussion questions

 * What do we mean by an ecosystem? What are the characteristics 	you saw in the ecosystem? What processes were seen there?
 * Will similar processes and characteristics of organisms be 	found in other systems?
 * Are living organisms machines?
 * Why do you think there are so many differences? What might 	have been the processes that caused this diversity

Additional web resources
www.edu.gov.nf.ca/division/stsuppsv/Junhigh/grad9sci.pdf

This is a reference document for planning a unit on diversity of organisms.

= Methods of classification = '''Classification is a '''grouping of organisms, (plants or animals) in different ranks on the basis of their characters. Systematics is the study of organisms based on the interactions with the environment. Systematics(systema - order) - The camparative study of organisms on the basis of morphology, anatomy, ecology, physiology, biochemistry etc. is known as systematics. Systematics have three fields (i) Nomenclature (ii) Classification (iii) Taxonomy. '''Taxonomy '''(Taxis - arrangement, nomous = law / rule) is the branch of biology for the study of classification of organisms following certain rules or principals.

What is the Basis of Classification?
Attempts at classifying living things into groups have been made since time immemorial. Greek thinker Aristotle classified animals according to whether they lived on land, in water or in the air. This is a very simple way of looking at life, but misleading too. For example, animals that live in the sea include corals, whales, octopuses, starfish and sharks. We can immediately see that these are very different from each other in numerous ways. In fact, their habitat is the only point they share in common. This is not an appropriate way of making groups of organisms to study and think about. We therefore need to decide which characteristics to be used as the basis for making the broadest divisions. Then we will have to pick the next set of characteristics for making sub-groups within these divisions. This process of classification within each group can then continue using new characteristics each time.

Taxonomy is a regular branch of science that is involved with the purpose of arranging or grouping organisms.

Importance of classification

 * It 	makes the study of such a wide variety of organisms easy.
 * It 	projects before us a good picture of all life forms at a glance.
 * It 	helps us understand the interrelationship among different groups of 	organisms.
 * It 	serves as a base for the development of other biological fields such 	as biogeography.
 * Various fields of applied biology such as agriculture, public 	health and environmental biology depend on classification of pests, 	disease vectors, pathogens and components of an ecosystem.

History of Classification:
Classification of living organisms is probably as old as human civilization. Organisms have been grouped on different basis at different periods of time. The earliest classification was probably on the basis of utility to man. Plants and animals were classified on different basis such as edible and non-edible ones, useful and harmful ones and so on.

History of systematics
Father of taxonomy -'''Carolus Linnaeus'''

(Books - Species plantarum &amp; systema naturae) and Philosophica Botanique Taxonomy term -	de Candolle Systematics term -	C. Linnaeus Father of Botany -	Theophrastus.

(He had written the book Historia plantarum and Enquiry into the plants) Father of Indian Taxonomy -Santapau New Systematics - Or Biosystematics - Classification of organisms on the basis of evolution, genetical &amp; morphological traits. It is the another field of systematics. New systematics-term by - Julian Huxley Biosystematics-term by -'''Camp &amp; Gilly []'''

Types of Taxonomy
(i) Chemotaxonomy - (Biochemical Systematics) - Classification based on chemicals present in organisms (ii) Numerical Taxonomy - (or phenetics or Adansonian classification) - Classification based on number of shared characters of various organisms. (iii) Cytotaxonomy (Alston &amp; Turner) - Classification based on nuclear &amp; chromosomal studies

Objectives
To introduce the method of classification

To observe, record and classify organisms in an environment

Method

 * 1) Nature of Activity: Group /Individual.
 * 2) Materials required: Pen and work sheet (Note book).
 * 3) Books and periodicals in a library

Procedure (part 1)

 * 1) Teacher can develop the concept of importance of 	classification by illustration through comparing arrangement of 	books and periodicals in a library.
 * 2) Have the students organize books (reference-text), 	periodicals (weekly, monthly and yearly) and newspapers (local, 	outstation). These resources can also be arranged year-wise, 	subject-wise.
 * 3) Time: 30 minutes

Procedure (part 2)

 * 1) List animals and plants you have seen in your surrounding 	and you know according to the habitat. Make columns as below and 	enter .                {| border="1" |- | Animals on land   | Animals in water   | Amphibians   | Plants in forests   | Plants in water   |}
 * 2) Time : 30 minutes
 * 3) Video-clippings
 * 1) Questions for discussions

Systems of Classification
There are three main system of classification

(i) Artificial

(ii) Natural

(iii) Phylogenetic 1. Artificial system of classification

This system is based on few morphological characters. First introduced by Pliny and later on by Aristotle, Theophrastus, Linnaeus, Bauhin, etc. This system has several lacunae. 2. Natural system of classification

It is based on a number of characters of organisms that are classified on the basis of Morphology, Anatomy, Cytology, Physiology, Ontogeny, Phylogeny, Biochemistry etc. This was given by Schimper, Eichler, Bentham &amp; Hooker.

3. Phylogenetic System of Classification

This Classification is based on evolutionary interrelationships of organisms. Phylogenetic system is also called '''cladistics. A Cladogram based on Phenetic is called Dendrogram. This was p'''roposed by Engler &amp; Prantl. Hutchinson, Takhtajan, Dobzhansky &amp; Mayr are modern phylogenetist.

1. Artificial System of Classification    ---   Contribution of Indians:
(Source: wikipedia)

The earliest attempt towards classification of living organisms is seen in the works of many ancient philosophers in '''Greek and India'''.

	1. Charaka:  The information available from many ancient scriptures of our country indicates the attempts made by Indians towards classification of plants and animals. An ancient sage by name '''Charaka '''who lived in the first century A.D., had listed about 340 plant types and about 200 animals types in his treatise '''Charaka Samhitha'''.

2. '''Parashara: ''' Another ancient sage by name Parashara in his treatise '''Vrikshayurveda ''' had given a vivid description of plants based on the characteristics in flowers. He had divided plants into several “ganas” (families) based on these characters. The description of characters for these ganas, given by Parashara, is very close to the ones given by our modern taxonomists. ( Refer – India's Glorius Scientific Traditions Chapter 15 Page no. 148- 155)

3. Sushruta:  The Sushruta Samhita is one of two early texts that form the cornerstone of the Indian medical tradition of Ayurveda (Ayurveda means science of life). The other treatise is called the Charaka Samhita. Like the Charaka Samhita, the Sushruta Samhita made revisions and alterations to an earlier text on which it is based, in this case, the writingsof Divodasa Dhanvantari, the author's teacher. The author, Sushruta, is identified as the son of the Vedic sage Visvamitra. The text is long, running over 1,700 pages in English translation. The exact date of its composition is unknown, but is generally thought to be around 100A.D.

Like the Charaka Samhita, the Sushruta Samhita refers to the eight branches of Ayurvedic medicine. Sushruta is organized similarly to Charaka, but in addition to emphasizing therapeutics, it also discusses surgery, which Charaka barely mentions.

Sushruta details about 650 drugs of animal, plant, and mineral origin. The conquest by Arabs of the Indian province of Sind (now a part of Pakistan)in the eighth century unleashed a scholarly exchange of scientific ideas. The Sushruta samhita was translated into Arabic and later into Persian.These translations, as well as those of Charaka, helped to spread the science of Ayurveda far beyond India.

Additional web resources

 * 1) Sushruta, Information about Sushruta
 * 2) www.faqs.org/health/topics/50/Sushruta.html#ixzz22woKO3cr
 * 3) Classification of Living Organisms

Ancient through medieval times
The famous Greek philosopher (384 to 322 B.C.) had identified different types of plants and animals. Apart from this, he described some organisms under an intermediate group indicating that such organisms could be placed neither under plants nor under animals. He tried to classify the organisms on the basis of their form and habitat. There are many other examples of ancient classification systems that are based mainly on superficial characteristics. Such systems of classification are hence described as artificial systems of classification.

Limitations of the artificial system of classification

 * The 	criteria used for classification are superficial and do not reflect 	the natural relationships.
 * The 	system does not reflect the evolutionary relationship between the 	organisms.
 * Many 	unrelated organisms are placed in the same group on the basis of 	their habitats (dwelling place) (For The 	system does not reflect the evolutionary relationship between the 	organisms.
 * Many 	unrelated organisms are placed 	in the same group on the basis of their habitats (dwelling place) 	(For example, whales and fishes in the same group).


 * Closely 	related organisms have been placed in different groups because of 	the differences in their habitat, feeding habits, etc.

2. Natural System of Classification
As science became a part of human life, the classification of living organisms had to undergo a thorough modification. The advent of the microscope in the 17th century opened up a new world of organisms that were hitherto unexplored; the world of micro organisms. It was hard to believe the vast diversity that existed in the microscopic world. Scientists started looking for more and more details about different groups of organisms. Various aspects of life such as mode of reproduction, pattern of development, began to be investigated. As a result, more and more similarities and differences started emerging between the different groups in both plants and animals. This led to a more systematic and scientific approach to classification, which is now known as the '''natural system of classification.'''

Advantages of natural classification over artificial classification
The initial attempt towards a natural system of classification came from an English biologist, John Ray (1627-1705). He identified a large number of plants and animals based on natural relationships among themselves and classified them into specific groups. He was probably the first biologist to have developed the modern concept of a species. He described the species as an assemblage of individuals derived from similar parents and having the ability to pass on their characteristics to the subsequent generations. He published a three-volume compendium - Historia Generalis Plantarum in which he has given a detailed description of over 18,000 types of plants.
 * It avoids the heterogeneous grouping of unrelated organisms.
 * It helps in placing only related groups of organisms 	together.
 * It indicates the natural relationships among organisms.
 * It also provides a clear view on the evolutionary 	relationship between different groups of living organisms.

Linnaeus Classification
The natural system of classification was placed on a firm footing by the Swedish biologist, '''Carolus Linnaeus '''(1707-1778). Linnaeus classified living organisms into '''two kingdoms the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom. '''He recorded nearly 6,000 species of plants in his book Species Plantarum published in 1753. He listed more than 4,300 species of animals. He has given detailed system of his classification in another book '''Systema Naturae. '''Carolus Linnaeus' great work, the Systema Naturæ (1st ed. 1735), ran through twelve editions during his lifetime. In this work, nature was divided into three kingdoms: mineral, vegetable and animal. Linnaeus used five ranks: class, order, genus, species, and variety.

Linnaeus Taxonomy
Linnaeus is best known for his introduction of the method still used to formulate the scientific name of every species. Before Linnaeus, long many-worded names (composed of a generic name and a differentia specifica) had been used, but as these names gave a description of the species, they were not fixed. In his Philosophia Botanica (1751) Linnaeus took every effort to improve the composition and reduce the length of the many-worded names by abolishing unnecessary rhetorics, introducing new descriptive terms and defining their meaning with an unprecedented precision. In the late 1740s Linnaeus began to use a parallel system of naming species with nomina trivialia. Nomen triviale, a trivial name, was a single- or two-word epithet placed on the margin of the page next to the many-worded &quot;scientific&quot; name. The only rules Linnaeus applied to them was that the trivial names should be short, unique within a given genus, and that they should not be changed. Linnaeus consistently applied nomina trivialia to the species of plants in Species Plantrum (1st edn. 1753) and to the species of animals in the 10th edition of Systema Naturæ (1758).

Binomial Nomenclature
By consistently using these specific epithets, Linnaeus separated nomenclature from description. Even though the parallel use of nomina trivialia and many-worded descriptive names continued until late in the eighteenth century, it was gradually replaced by the practice of using shorter proper names consisting of the generic name and the trivial name of the species. In the nineteenth century, this new practice was codified in the first Rules and Laws of Nomenclature, and the 1st edition of Species Plantarum and the 10th edn. Of Systema Naturae were chosen as starting points for the Botanical and Zoological Nomenclature respectively. This convention for naming species is referred to as binomial nomenclature. Today, nomenclature is regulated by nomenclature codes, which allows names divided into taxonomic ranks.

How is this done?
The present system of binomial nomenclature identifies each species by a scientific name of two words, Latin in form and usually derived from Greek or Latin roots. The first name (capitalized) is the genus of the organism, the second (not capitalized) is its species. The scientific name of the white oak is ''Quercus alba,while red oak is Quercus rubra. ''The first name applies to all species of the genus—Quercus is the name of all oaks—but the entire binomial applies only to a single species. Many scientific names describe some characteristic of the organism (alba=white; rubra=red); many are derived from the name of the discoverer or the geographic location of the organism. Genus and species names are always italicized when printed; the names of other taxa (families, etc.) are not. When a species (or several species of the same genus) is mentioned repeatedly, the genus may be abbreviated after its first mention, as in ''Q. alba. ''Subspecies are indicated by a trinomial; for example, the southern bald eagle is Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus, as distinguished from the northern bald eagle, H. leucocephalus washingtoniensis.

The advantages of scientific over common names are that they are accepted by speakers of all languages, that each name applies only to one species, and that each species has only one name. This avoids the confusion that often arises from the use of a common name to designate different things in different places (for example, see elk), or from the existence of several common names for a single species. There are two international organizations for the determination of the rules of nomenclature and the recording of specific names, one for zoology and one for botany. According to the rules they have established, the first name to be published (from the work of Linnaeus on) is the correct name of any organism unless it is reclassified in such a way as to affect that name (for example, if it is moved from one genus to another). In such a case definite rules of priority also apply.

'''FEW EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN BELOW: '''

3. Phylogenetic Classification: Modern system
While the earlier systems of classification focused on habitats and characteristics, the current system of classification is based on evolutionary history, to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent. With the introduction of the cladistic method in the late 20th century, phylogenetic taxonomy in which organisms are grouped based purely on inferred evolutionary relatedness, ignoring morphological similarity, has become common in some areas of biology.[1] Molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has also driven many recent revisions and is likely to continue doing so.

Where as Linnaeus classified for ease of identification, the idea of the Linnaean taxonomy as translating into a sort of dendrogram of the Animal- and Plant Kingdoms was formulated toward the end of the 18th century, well before the Origin of Species was published. Among early works exploring the idea of transmutation of species was Erasmus Darwin's 1796 Zoönomia and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's Philosophie Zoologique of 1809.

With Darwin's theory, a general acceptance that classification should reflect the Darwinian principle of common descent quickly appeared. Tree of Life representations became popular in scientific works, with known fossil groups incorporated. One of the first modern groups tied to fossil ancestors were birds. Using the then newly discovered fossils of Archaeopteryx and Hesperornis, Thomas Henry Huxley pronounced that they had evolved from dinosaurs, a group formally named by Richard Owen in 1842. The resulting description, that of dinosaurs &quot;giving rise to&quot; or being &quot;the ancestors of&quot; birds, is the essential hallmark of evolutionary taxonomic thinking. As more and more fossil groups were found and recognized in the late 19th and early 20th century, palaeontologists worked to understand the history of animals through the ages by linking together known groups. With the modern evolutionary synthesis of the early 1940s, an essentially modern understanding of evolution of the major groups was in place. The evolutionary taxonomy being based on Linnaean taxonomic ranks, the two terms are largely interchangeable in modern use.

Phylogenetic Nomenclature
Since the 1960s a trend called phylogenetic nomenclature (or cladism) has emerged, inspired by the cladistic method. The salient feature is arranging taxa in a hierarchical evolutionary tree, ignoring ranks. If a taxon includes all the descendants of some ancestral form, it is called monophyletic. Groups that have descendant groups removed from them (e.g. dinosaurs, with birds as offspring group) are termed paraphyletic, while groups representing more than one branch from the tree of life are called polyphyletic. A formal code of nomenclature, the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, or PhyloCode for short, is currently under development, intended to deal with names of clades. Linnaean ranks will be optional under the PhyloCode, which is intended to coexist with the current, rank-based codes.

= Kingdoms and domains =  Two Kingdom System   When Linnaeus developed his classification, there were only plants and animals kingdoms. With the microscope came the discovery of many more kingdoms of living organisms.



From well before Linnaeus, plants and animals were considered separate Kingdoms. Linnaeus used this as the top rank, dividing the physical world into the plant, animal and mineral kingdoms. As advances in microscopy made classification of			microorganisms possible, the number of kingdoms increased, five and six-kingdom systems being the most common.

Domains are a relatively new grouping. The three-domain system was first proposed in 1990, but not generally accepted until later. One main characteristic of the three-domain method is the separation of Archaea and Bacteria, previously grouped into the single kingdom Bacteria (a kingdom			also sometimes called Monera). Consequently, the three domains of life are conceptualized as			Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota (comprising the nuclei-bearing			eukaryotes). A small minority of scientists add Archaea as a sixth kingdom, but do not accept the domain method.

Thomas Cavalier-Smith, who has published extensively on the classification of protists, has recently proposed that the Neomura, the clade that groups together the Archaea and Eukarya, would have evolved from Bacteria, more precisely from Actinobacteria. His classification of 2004 treats the archaebacteria as part of a subkingdom of the Kingdom Bacteria, i.e. he rejects the three-domain system entirely.

''' Limitations of two kingdom system ''' 1			Euglena and other similar unicellular organisms have characters of both animals and plants. 2 Blue green algae (now called			Cyanobactria) and bacteria having some cytological differences from other organisms also present as difficulty. 3. Fungi, which are usually included in plants, have some characters not common to plants. 4. Instead of two modes of feeding (ingestion			in animals and primarily photosynthesis in plants), now 3 modes are recognized photosynthetic, ingestion &amp; absorption.

Five  Kingdom System
'''This was developed by Whittaker in 1969.  1.			Kingdom monera: (a)'''Prokaryotic cells lack Nuclear membrane, Plastids, Mitochondria and advanced (9+2) strand flagella. (b) Reproduction is asexual by fission or budding.

Example - Blue green algae, Bacteria etc. '2. Kingdom Protista :' (a) They are unicellular or colonial eukaryotic cells. (b) Reproduction is asexual and sexual.

Example unicellular Algae, Diatoms etc. '3. Kingdom plantae :' (a) Multicellular organisms with cellulose wall and frequently vacuolated, eukaryotic cells. (b) Nutritive mode is photosynthetic but absorptive. (c) Reproduction is sexual.

Example - Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms) 4. Kingdom			Fungi : (a)			Multinucleate organisms with eukaryotic nuclei. (b) Plastids			and photosynthetic pigments lacking. (c) Reproduction asexual			and sexual both. Example - Fungi 5. Kingdom			Animalia : ( a) Multicellular organisms, eukaryotic cell devoid of cell			wall. (b) Lack plastids and photosynthetic pigments. (c)			Organization and tissue differentiation complex (d)			Reproduction is sexual.

Time  line of Classification
= Evaluation =

1. Which do you think is a more basic characteristic for classifying organisms?

(a) the place where they live.

(b) the kind of cells they of. Why?

2.What is the primary characteristic on which the first division of organisms is made?

3. Why is Binomial nomenclature famous.? Though cat and tiger belong to same family,why are the species different? Write their systematic position.

Thought provoking question:
1.Why does Polar bear look diffrent from bear in Karnataka? 2. On what bases are plants and animals put into different categories?

Enrichment activity:
''1. Many magazines and newspapers talk about possibility of life outside the''

''Earth. Read these articles and have a discussion in the class about what''

''could be defined as life outside Earth.''

= Self evaluation of teachers: = Teacher evaluates her transaction in teaching-learning process. She frames the following questions for self evaluation and answers it by reflection on her teaching.
 * 1) Collect 	variety of plant leaves, dry and prepare an herbarium. (Diversity 	-Project work)
 * 2) Collect 	pictures of Charaka, Aristotle and C. Lineus and know their life 	history.


 * 1) Did 	I plan for the activities before hand?
 * 2) Was 	I sucessful in implementing these activities?
 * 3) Was 	the participation of students satisfactory?
 * 4) Did 	all students actively participate and answer the questions?
 * 5) Was 	I able to give extra information to students?
 * 6) Did 	students enjoy using various media for learning?
 * 7) How 	can I improve my teaching?

= Additional Resources = Suggessted Reading:- 1) PUC Text book .(2)NCERT Text books.

(1) Diversity of Living Things www.edu.gov.nf.ca/division/stsuppsv/Junhigh/grad9sci.pdf

(2)Classification of Organisms

www.sci.uidaho.edu/.../T2L4P1_Classification_of_Organisms.pdf

(3) India'S Glorious Scientific Tradition - Google Books Result

books.google.co.in/books?isbn=818430028X'''... By Suresh Soni-2009'''

Websites

1. []

2. [].

3. []

4. www.youtube.com/watch?v=IW23Qhg2v-0' (To watch video of diversity of organisms.)'

5. []'' ( for diversity of organisms.)''

External links- 1) [].

'C'harakaSamhita - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charaka_Samhita

Resource Material on Organisms		27/27