DSERT Text Book for Computer Literacy (CL) and Computer Aided Learning (CAL)

ICT@Schools - Resource Book for Standard 8 '

=Introduction= This resource book has two parts - computer literacy skills and computer aided learning. The section on computer literacy introduces the learners to various aspects of the computer, the use of internet and different methods of creating documents in the form of in text documents and mind maps. The section on computer aided learning will discuss how computers can be used to integrate the learning of different subjects, namely, Mathematics, Science and Social Science by using relevant ICT tools and educational software.

This exercise has two broad objectives of integrating the computer lab into the school education process and enabling the use of computer as a curricular resource. We have attempted to put together this resource book based on the recommendations of the National Curriculum Framework (2005). The objective of the high school textbooks is to enable teachers and students to acquire a positive mindset about the use of computers for their learning and daily life and also develop a working knowledge of computers and the ways of using them to represent information. It is my hope that every teacher will be able to start using the computer lab in the schools effectively for their own growth and for the classroom teaching – learning processes. Please do share your experiences in using this book. Your feedback is welcome.

The innovation in this book is the integration of ICT into the regular subject teacing-learning. The second section of the book explores some lessons from the mathematics, science and social science subjects that can be taught using the computer, thus integrating the computer as a pedagogical tool. This will help the subject teachers in the school integrate ICTs into their teaching-learning processes as well as use it for their own professional development.

ICTs can offer a rich and diverse learning environment through the use of free and open digital resources, both content and software and this resource book aims to bring that world to the learner by exploring the use of different audio visual resources as well as the educational software that are freely available and bundled with the GNU/Linux platform Ubuntu including GeoGebra, Marble and PhET, apart from free content on wikipedia and several other free educational websites. Since these are free to share, students and teachers can also copy them on their home computers and continue their learning beyond school.

=How to use this book= Welcome to this resource book on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) ! ICTs are changing the way we do things, how we communicate and how we learn. There are many areas of our society and work where we use ICTs in extensive ways. In your school, you now have a new computer lab as part of the ICT@Schools programme. This resource book is meant to introduce you to the ways and methods of working with ICTs, including how to use them for exploring various subjects. This book is for the student to work along with the teachers. Different sections of the textbook will require you to work with different teachers.

There are two sections in this book, Section 1: Computer Literacy and Section 2: Computer Aided Learning.

Computer Literacy is learning about what ICTs are. This section introduces you to a computer. You will also learn how to use the computer to create documents in a text format as well in the form of a mind map. This section will also include information on how to use the internet and email. In this manner, you can start using computers in your daily life. In this section, you will mostly work with your computer teacher, on both theory and practice.

Computer Aided Learning is using the computer to learn in different ways about what you have been to taught in your subject (mathematics, science and social science) classes. There are chapters that will introduce you to various lessons in different subjects and you will work with the respective subject teachers, on both theory and practice.

=How is each chapter organised=

Each chapter has the following sections You will see boxes with a picture throughout the textbook. These pictures are called icons, and the box inside contains information for a specific purpose. The following icons have been used in this textbook and their purpose is described below:
 * 1) Chapter objectives: which will tell you what you should know 	after working through the chapter.
 * 2) Theory: This is the explanation of the topic covered in a 	particular chapter. For example, “Introduction to computers”, 	“Science and Technology” and “What is a mind map” are 	chapter titles. There will be further discussion and explanation of 	this topic in the chapter. Your teacher will explain this part for 	you, in the classroom.
 * 3) Lab exercises: This part of 	the chapter must be done in the computer lab. These could include 	different activities like watching a video, examining the parts of a 	computer or working with different educational software 	applications.
 * 4) Chapter summary: This 	section summarises whatever you have learnt in the chapter. After 	completing the chapter go through the summary. You can also use this 	to check your understanding and go back to your teachers if you need 	help with any of them.
 * 5) Exercises: These are end of 	chapter exercises that you should do in the lab with your teachers 	help to help you use what you have learnt in the chapter.
 * 6) Additional Resources: This 	is a section which will give further extension of some of the ideas 	discussed in the chapter. If you are curious to know more about the 	topic you have studied in a chapter, see this section. These 	resources are a preliminary list – you can add more resources to 	your computer by using the Internet.

We hope you enjoy using this resource book. At the end of using the book and completing all the exercises, our belief is that you will develop a very positive and confident approach towards ICTs as well as have built knowledge and skills to work with new powerful tools - the computer and the Internet.

= 1.Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) – The Computer =

Chapter objective
In this chapter, you will learn about


 * 1) ICTs 	and Computers, in particular
 * 2) History 	of Computers
 * 3) Uses 	of Computers
 * 4) Classification 	of Computers
 * 5) Hardware 	: Parts of a computer and system unit

Introduction to ICTs and computers
You must have heard of radio programmes like Keli kali in your school. You can see that radio, televisions, telephones, mobile phones are being used by everyone in their daily lives. Television and radio are used for giving (broadcasting) information while telephones including mobile phones are used to talk to (communicate with) your friends and family even if they are far away. Now you can carry a phone in your pocket. All these are Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) tools.



In this chapter you will learn about computers, a new ICT tool. A computer is a device which takes input, processes it and gives output which can be stored and shared. When you enter data into your computer, it is called as input. An input can be data like text or picture or an instruction(what to do with the data). This data is processed (process means to perform a series of operations on a set of data) and you will get the output. Data or information that the computer generates is called the output.

Suppose you want to add two numbers, 2 and 5. Any input has two parts, data and the instruction “2 + 5” is the input. The numbers 2 and 5 are called the 'data' and the '+' is called the instruction. A CPU (or a software to add the numbers) will do the addition, it is called the process. The answer “7” is the output or the result from the input and the process.

A computer lets you to do many tasks like writing a letter, watching a educational film, playing games, listening to music and more. You can also look for information on the Internet.

History of computers
World's	first computer

''Punch card''

Did you know, the first computer was as big as your classroom! 60 years ago, computers were very big, costly and used lot of electricity. The processors of the first computers were made using something called 'vacuum tubes' -which used tubes in which electrons were moving. Punch cards were a input method. After the vacuum tubes, came the transistors which could turn electricity in a circuit “on” or “off”. This turning “on” and “off” could be used to instruct computers to do calculations.

''Integrated Circuit (IC)''

During the early 1970s, with the invention of Integrated circuits computers became faster,cheaper and smaller.

Many transistors were connected together to form one IC. These computers had keyboard and monitor as input-output devices.(You will learn about input and output devices in the next chapter).

Microprocessor

Over the last decade, the computers became so small that it could fit in a hand. This was possible because of many integrated circuits on one small square called a microprocessor or a chip which became the main part of the computer. Mouse, an input device was developed. These small and powerful computers were connected together to share information between computers and this period saw the birth and growth of Internet (you will study in detail about Internet in one of the chapters).

Now-a-days, we see smart phones and tablets (which are small touch screen computers).

Uses of computers
Can you think of all the places where you have seen computers?

Computers are used in many places like banks, schools, railway station, libraries, shopping complexes, and in various fields like education, communications, business, research, development and many more.

Types of computers
Based on the processing power, storage capacity and cost, computers are classified as,

Super 		Computers '''Supercomputers 	- T'he 	most powerful computers.' 	They are used for highly complex problems like launching a rocket in 	the space or weather prediction. Supercomputers are used by 	universities and government agencies. '''
 * 1) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m36a503f5.png]]

Mainframe 		Computers '''Mainframe 	Computers - Usually slower, less powerful and cost less than 	supercomputers. They are used in large organizations, like banks and 	businesses.'''
 * 1) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m7134f31.png]]

Personal 		Computers '''Microcomputers, 	or Personal Computers - The small and low cost computers. Microcomputers are more commonly known as personal computers (PC). Personal Computers are further classified as (a) Stationary (b) 	Mobile ''' aptop 				Computer'' Laptop' 			- 'A 			laptop computer popularly called laptop, or notebook computer, is 			a small personal computer designed for carrying where ever we go. Tablet 				PC Tablet PC - A tablet 			PC is a notebook or slate-shaped mobile computer. It takes input 			from the monitor itself, without a separate keyboard. You can 			input data into the computer using a stylus (digital pen), or 			your finger. The monitor is called touch screen. Where else have 			you seen touch screen monitors ?
 * 1) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_366ca35c.png]]
 * 1) Stationary 		personal computers are DesktopComputers 
 * 2) Mobile 		Personal Computers are 
 * 3) ''L[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m209f7f73.png]]
 * 1) Netbook – A Netbook is a 			small, light and low cost laptop computer.
 * 2) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m13a157ca.png]]

The Hardware : The parts of a computer
Have you seen a computer and its parts? Do you know what they are? Do you know what they do? If you already know – great! If you do not know, we will learn about computer parts in this chapter.

A computer has many parts working together. The parts, which you can see and touch, are called hardware. Computer hardware is divided into four parts; system unit, input devices, output devices and storage media.

The picture shows the common hardware in a computer. A laptop computer has similar parts but all as one single item.

The System unit
Have you seen something shaped like a big box? Usually it is kept on or below the computer table. It will have a power switch and a place called CD Drive to insert Compact Discs(CDs). It is the system unit – the heart of a computer system. Inside this box are many electronic parts which do the actual work. The most important of these parts is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the &quot;brain&quot; of the computer. Another part is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. Ask your teacher to let you look at the back of the computer (never do this without permission, because there is a lot of dangerous electricity back there!). You will see lots of cables coming out of the back of the box and going to other computer parts. On the back or sometimes front of the case you will also see rectangular slots. These are called USB(Universal Serial Bus) ports. These are used to connect storage devices such as flash drives to your computer. You can also use a USB port to connect the computer to devices like a digital camera and mobile phones.

In your school set up, you will see something smaller than the regular system unit. They are called thin clients. These units depends on the main computer in your lab, which is called a server. These thin clients are connected to the server through cables. All the information is stored on the server and many people can access them using thin clients, at the same time.



Chapter summary

 * 1) Television, 	radio, telephone, mobile phones, computers and Internet are ICT 	tools.
 * 2) A 	computer is a device which takes input, processes it and gives 	output which can be stored and shared.
 * 3) A 	computer lets you to do most of your daily jobs like writing a 	letter, solving problems, watching a film, playing games, listening 	to music and looking for things on Internet.
 * 4) Latest 	computers are touch screen (using finger tips or stylus) computers. 	They are also called tablet PCs and smart phones.
 * 5) Hardware 	is the physical part of a computer that you can see and touch.

Lab exercises
'''Identify and list all the parts of a computer in your lab. '''

Exercises
'''Choose the correct answer'''

'''Say True or False'''
 * 1) The output can be
 * 2) Latest computers use
 * 3) Microprocessors		2. 		Transistors		3. Vacuum tubes
 * 4) A personal computer is also a
 * 5) Supercomputer		2. 		Microcomputer	3. Mainframe computer
 * 6) What 	component of computer is considered the brain of a computer?
 * 7) Output		2. 		CPU		3. Input	4. Memory
 * 1) What 	component of computer is considered the brain of a computer?
 * 2) Output		2. 		CPU		3. Input	4. Memory
 * 1) Output		2. 		CPU		3. Input	4. Memory

Activity
 * 1) ICT stand for Important 	Communication Technology.
 * 2) The first computer was made of 	Vacuum tubes.
 * 3) A netbook is a personal 	computer.
 * 4) Laptops are mainframes.
 * 5) Computers can be used to learn 	and solve mathematics.
 * 6) Hardware 	is the physical part of a computer that you can see and touch

Some of the uses of computers in education is given below. Think of more uses and complete the table.

Additional resources
= 2.Software =
 * 1) Learn more about the history of 	computers 	[]   []
 * 2) Learn 	more about computer classification   []

Chapter objectives
In this chapter you will learn about,


 * 1) Different 	types of software
 * 2) Operating 	System and its features
 * 3) Graphical 	User Interface
 * 4) Windows 	7 and Ubuntu GNU/Linux Operating system
 * 5) The 	Desktop
 * 6) Files 	and Folders

Computer Software
By now, you have understood that a computer can be used to do a lot of things. So, what do you do when you want to paint, write an essay, or listen to music on a computer? Can you do all these things when you just have the computer hardware? No, you cannot. To make the computer do what you want there must be a '''computer programme. '''A computer programme also termed as software, is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do. This is separate from the hardware and it is the most important aspect of the computer which allows it to do many different tasks.

Software needs hardware to work on and a hardware is useless without software. So computer must have both hardware and software.

Types of software
A computer should know what to do when you switch on the computer, move the mouse or press a key on the keyboard. However, a computer can only understand 0s and 1s, and you cannot talk or understand that language. To explain our instructions to the computer we need a special computer programme which is called the Operating system. Operating system is also called system software as it works with the hardware. Every computer must have an operating system to run other computer programmes. Even your mobile phones will have an operating system. Operating systems start automatically when you turn on the computer. This process is called booting. All the other computer programmes like programmes to paint, type, listen to music, learn maths etc., are called Application Software or 'Apps' which work with the system software. People who write programmes are called computer programmers or software developers. On any computer you will have software to paint, to type letters, to watch movies, to find something on the Internet, to learn maths.

What does an Operating System do?
'''How does the Operating Systems enable you to use the computer?'''
 * 1) It checks if the hardware is 	working properly.
 * 2) It translates your language 	into computer language, by reading input from keyboard/mouse and 	sending the output to the monitor.
 * 3) It allows you to access and 	modify files, use printers and disk drives, and run applications.

Operating systems use a program called the Graphical user interface (GUI, pronounced as goo-ee),. It allows you to access other computer programmes (applications) by using a mouse. ''' The popular operating systems are Windows, GNU/Linux and Mac OSx. In this chapter, you will learn about Windows 7 operating system and GNU/Linux operating system called Ubuntu.'''

'''Why are you learning both Windows and Ubuntu GNU/Linux Operating system?'''

It is useful to learn at least two operating systems to develop a	general understanding of how operating systems work. Microsoft Windows, made by a company called Microsoft is a popular operating system. It is a proprietary OS, each user has to individually purchase a licence to use it. The Ubuntu GNU/Linux OS is free (mukta) software, which is free to use, share and modify. Ubuntu is becoming increasingly popular.

Before you learn more about Operating systems, you should know that one computer can have more than one operating systems. You can use one at a time. In your computer, you will see both Windows 7 and Ubuntu Operating system. You can choose any one at the start up. You will see a list like this when you turn on the computer.

Choose the first option if you want to use Ubuntu and the last option which says Windows 7 (loader) if you want to use Windows 7.

Windows 7 operating system
Once you select Windows 7 operating system, you will see a welcome screen which looks like this.

It displays a list of all users on the computer. You can click your user name instead of typing it. You will have to enter the password to log in. Login is a process that allows you to start using the computer once you type the correct password.

The desktop is the main screen area that you see after logging on to Windows. When you open programs or folders, they appear on the desktop. You can put files and folders on the desktop, and arrange them however you want.

'''Why should you log in?'''

Logging in	prevents unauthorised people from using your computer which keeps your data secure.



There is a taskbar at the bottom of your screen. It shows you which programs are running and allows you to go from one program to another. It also contains the Start button , which you can use to access programs, folders, and computer settings. Clicking on the start button, opens a start menu. It's called a menu because it provides a list of choices, just as a restaurant menu does. And as start implies, it's often the place that you'll go to start or open things. You can Use the Start menu to do these common activities:

Windows Help and Support is the built-in help system for Windows. It's a place to get quick answers to common questions, suggestions for troubleshooting, and instructions for how to do things. To open Windows Help and Support, click the Start button, and then click Help and Support.
 * Start programs[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m54e6db7d.png]]
 * Open commonly used folders
 * Search for files, folders, and 	programs
 * Adjust computer settings
 * Get 	help on the Windows 	operating system
 * Turn off the computer or log 	off from Windows

On the desktop, you will see icons. Icons are small pictures that represent files, folders, programs, and other items. Double-clicking a desktop icon starts or opens the item it represents.

The Recycle Bin

When you delete a file or folder, it doesn't actually get deleted right away—it goes to the Recycle Bin. That's a good thing, because if you ever change your mind and decide you need a deleted file, you can get it back. If you're sure that you won't need the deleted items again, you can empty the Recycle Bin. Doing that will permanently delete the items



Turning off your computer properly
When you're finished using your computer, it's important to turn it off properly. It saves energy, helps keep your computer secure and to ensure that your data is saved.

To turn off your computer using the Start menu, click the Start button, and then, in the lower-right corner of the Start menu, click Shut down.



Ubuntu operating system
If you choose Ubuntu at the start up, you will see a login screen screen as shown in the picture.

Logging in :

Select your username, and type your password the desktop will appear. The Desktop 

On a desktop, you will see icons (if any), windows (if any programme is being used) and menus. Panels 

Two panels are visible —one at the top of the screen, and one at the bottom. The one at the top has icons and menus. The panel at the bottom is where you'll see all the programmes running, and this panel also has some buttons like a trash icon (right).

Menus 

The three menus at the top of the screen (Applications, Places, System) are known as the main menus. They stay on-screen all the time.

The Applications menu at the top left has a list of all the programmes (apps) on your computer.

The Places menu, next to it, lets you access the hard disk, CD/DVD or pen drives. Digital cameras and MP3 players are also listed here when plugged-in.

The System menu, next to the Places menu, lets you control your computer’s settings, eg., setting time &amp; date, changing mouse buttons if you are a left handed person etc. It has two sub-menus, as follows:

Preferences: This menu lets you to make your computer look and work as you want or prefer. For example, you can change your desktop picture to the photo of your school or your sports team. Select System &gt; Preferences &gt; Appearances

Administration: This menu lets you change hardware settings, such as altering the time/date, and adding/removing software.

'''Shutting down the computer'''

What will you do after you have finished your work? You have to turn off the computer. You must turn it off by clicking on the last button on the right hand top corner and select shutdown. .

Never turn off the power button without shutting the computer properly



Managing files and folders
When you write an essay or paint something on a paper, you would like to keep it for future, right? You would probably put it in a hard bound folder. May be, if you have more than one essay or painting, you would have one folder to hold your essays and one folder to hold your paintings.

What would you do when you do the same things on a computer? Can you store it as you would do with the paper ? Yes,of course. You can store all that you have done on a computer as a file. Every programme, image, video, song, and document is stored as a file. And similar files can be put in a '''folder. ''' Folders can also store other folders called sub-folders. Folders are also called &quot;directories&quot; Do you know where the files and folders are kept in a computer? They are stored on a disk (remember your hardware chapter where you learnt about hard disk, pen drives, CDs).

To manage all the files and folders that you make, we need a file manager (also called as file browser). A file manager or file browser is a computer programme that provides a user interface to work with files. Windows uses a file manager called the Windows explorer and Ubuntu uses a file manager/browser called Nautilus. File browser is used to

This file manager lets you organize your files into folders. Folders can contain files and may also contain other folders. Using folders can help you find your files more easily. You can also copy or move files from one folder to another, create new folders, delete unwanted folders, give new names to the files and folders etc, using the file browser.
 * [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6f72a7.png]]Create 	folders and documents
 * Display 	your files and folders
 * Search 	and manage your files

For any operating system, many things are files, such as documents, photos, movies, and music.

Lab exercises
Do the following exercises first in Windows and then in Ubuntu Operating system


 * 1) Log 	in to a computer (Take teachers help for username and password)
 * 2) Open 	a programme called 'Calculator'.
 * 3) Add 	any two numbers.
 * 4) Close 	the programme (you'll have to click on the X button on the right 	hand top corner of the calculator).
 * 5) What 	is the difference between log off and shut-down functions ?

Chapter summary

 * 1) A 	computer programme tells a computer what to do and how to do it. A computer programme is also called software.
 * 2) Operating 	System and Application software are two types of software.
 * 3) Operating 	system is a special 	computer programme which is required in all computers to explain 	our instructions to it.
 * 4) Operating Systems make 	computers user friendly or easy to use by using a programme called 	graphical user interface (GUI).
 * 5) Windows 7 is a GUI based 	operating system
 * 6) On a Windows 7 Desktop, you 	will see a start menu at the bottom on the taskbar, and some icons 	on the desktop.
 * 7) Ubuntu is a GNU/Linux Operating 	system.
 * 8) On a Ubuntu Desktop, you will 	see top panel (which has icons and menus), bottom panel (which has a 	trash bin), and windows, if any programmes are running.
 * 9) You have to login to a computer 	to use it and shut down properly after use.
 * 10) Every 	programme, image, video, song, and document is stored as a file. 	And similar files can be put in a folder.
 * 11) File browser is used to create 	folders and documents, display your files and folders, search and 	manage your files.

Exercises
Choose the correct answer

Say True or False
 * 1) A 	computer programme is also called
 * 2) Desktop	ii. 		Software	iii. Hardware
 * 3) The 	most important programme on any computer is
 * 4) Applications		ii. 		File manager	iii. Operating System
 * 5) GUI 	stands for
 * 6) Good 		user interface	ii. Graphical user interface	iii. Great user 		interface
 * 7) Which 	of the following is an Operating system?
 * 8) GNU/Linux		ii. 		Calculator		iii. Text Editor
 * 1) Which 	of the following is an Operating system?
 * 2) GNU/Linux		ii. 		Calculator		iii. Text Editor
 * 1) GNU/Linux		ii. 		Calculator		iii. Text Editor


 * 1) Operating 	system make computers user-friendly.
 * 2) To 	shut down the computer, press the power off switch.
 * 3) The 	programme which can understand what you want to do and tells it to 	the computer is called the application software.
 * 4) A 	folder is also called a directory.
 * 5) File 	manager in Ubuntu is called Explorer.

Additional resources
[]

[]

[]

www.top- windows  -  tutorials  .com/  windows  -  7  .html

[]

[]

= 3.Text editing with word processor =

Chapter objectives
At the end of this chapter, you will learn about

'''Word processors'''
 * Word 	processors
 * Different 	types of word processors
 * Using 	word processors like LibreOffice Writer and Microsoft Word
 * Text 	editing and formatting

If you want to write a letter to your friend, a story or school work in a computer, what would you do or where would you type them? A software application called the '''word processor''' would do that.

A word processor is a software used for creating (including writing, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) documents. This software lets you to create a document, store it on the disk, show it on a screen, make changes to it using the keyboard and print it on a printer.

'''What can the word processors do?'''

'''List of some popular word processors'''
 * Insert 	text: 	It allows you to insert text anywhere in the document.
 * Delete 	text: 	It allows you to erase characters, words, lines, or pages as easily 	as you can cross them out on paper.
 * Cut 	and 	paste : 	It allows you to remove (cut) 	a section of text from one place in a document and insert (paste) 	it somewhere else.
 * Copy : 	It allows you to duplicate a section of text.
 * Page 	size and margins : 	It allows you to define various page sizes and margins, and the word 	processor will automatically readjust the text so that it fits.
 * Search 	and replace : 	It allows you to search for a particular word or phrase. You can 	also replace one group of characters with another anywhere that the 	first group appears.
 * Word 	wrap : 	The word processor automatically moves to the next line when you 	have filled one line with text, and it will readjust text if you 	change the margins.
 * Print: 	It allows you to send a document to a printer to get print out.
 * Font 	specifications: 	It allows you to change fonts. (A font is how a character, alphabet 	or symbol appears 	on the screen. Different fonts are available for typing different 	styles). For example, you can make the text in your document bold 	(dark), italics (slant) and underlining. You can also increase or 	decrease the size of the text.
 * Graphics: 	It allows you to insert pictures and graphs into a document.
 * Layout : 	It allows you to specify how a page will look including setting 	margins, page size within a single document.
 * Headers, 	footers, and page numbering: 	It allows you to put headers and footers that the word processor 	will put at the top and bottom of every page. The word processor 	automatically keeps track of page numbers so that the correct number 	appears on each page.
 * Spell 	checker : 	It is a program that allows you to check the spelling of words. It 	will highlight any words that it does not recognise.

In this chapter you will learn how to use Microsoft Word on Windows and LibreOffice Writer on Ubuntu. LibreOffice works on Ubuntu GNU/Linux, Mac and Windows operating systems while Microsoft Word works only on Microsoft Windows. LibreOffice is a public software and can be freely shared without licence restrictions or payment of licence fees. Microsoft Word is proprietary software and can be got by paying licence fees per user.
 * 1) LibreOffice Writer
 * 2) Microsoft Word
 * 3) OpenOffice.org writer
 * 4) WordPerfect
 * 5) Star Office Writer
 * 6) Web-based word processors 	(Google Docs)

Using MS Word to create documents
Login to Windows. To start the application, Click on button on the left hand bottom corner.

MS	Word

Then, click on All programs ---&gt; Microsoft Office ---&gt; Microsoft Word 2010.

On the blank page, where you see a blinking cursor (|), you can start typing your assignment. In this example, you will write a short paragraph about the western ghats.

A ''File menu''

fter you finish typing this paragraph, what do you do? You can either take a print out of it or store it in your computer or do both. If you store this, you can use it again and again. You can also make changes to the essay later on.

To save (store on disk), click on the File tab (the menu bar on the top) and select Save option.

Y ''Saving the file''

ou will see a window as shown below. (It is also called the save dialogue box). Select Desktop from the list on the left hand side. In the file name box, type 'Western Ghats' and click on the save button.

You have saved your paragraph called 'Western Ghats' on your computer's desktop.

The file will be saved with an extension .docx



Making changes to the text
You can make changes to your essay, even after you have saved it. Changes can be adding, removing, copying and moving text in the document.

Inserting text

Anywhere in the document, if you want to add text, just click at that place and start typing.

Delete text

To remove or delete from the document, click before the text you want to delete and press the 'delete' key. You can also click after the text you want to delete and press the 'backspace' key.

Selecting text

Before any changes are made to the text, you have to select the text. To select text, click before the text you want to select, hold the mouse key and drag till the end of your selection. This will highlight the text.

Copying text

If you want to repeat anything in your essay, you can copy the text and then paste it. To copy text, you need to select the text (highlight) first, and then click on 'Home ' and 'Copy' or just use the keyboard short cut 'CTRL and C' keys together. (Note – whenever we use the CTRL key, you need to first press CTRL, then keeping it pressed, press the C key and release the C key before releasing the CTRL key). Hence we can also show this as CTRL+C).

Cutting text

If you want to move a portion of text from one place to another in your document, you can cut the text and paste it. To cut text, select the portion you want to cut and then click on 'Home' and 'Cut' or by using the keyboard short cut 'CTRL and X' keys together (CTRL+X).

Pasting text

Once you have copied or cut text, you can paste it anywhere in the document by clicking on 'Home' and 'Paste' or by pressing 'CTRL and V' keys together (CTRL+V).

Now you have learnt how to make changes to the text, try making changes to the file 'Western Ghats', using insert, delete, cut, copy and paste functions.

It should look like this.

Formatting characters and paragraphs
Now you will learn, how to make your essay look beautiful and readable. Just like each of you has a different hand writing and a different style of writing, the word processor too has different styles and sizes of characters (a character can be a letter, number or a punctuation mark). These different styles are called fonts.

In the picture, '''Calibri (Body)''' is the font. 11 is the size of the font. You can change the font style and size of text by first selecting the text and then clicking on the button next to the font name and size and choose different style and size.

- Increases and decreases the font size respectively

- Changes all the selected text to UPPERCASE, lowercase, Sentence case, Capitalise Each Word or tOGGLE cASE.

- Makes the selected text '''Bold '''(use keyboard shortcut CTRL and B)

- Makes the selected text italic (use keyboard shortcut CTRL and I)

- Underlines the selected text (use keyboard shortcut CTRL and U)

- Applies a visual effect to the selected text like shadow or reflection

Now use the above options and make your essay look like this.

You will now learn about formatting paragraphs. You can align paragraphs to left, right or centre of the page using the buttons .

This button is used to apply different background colours to the selected text or paragraphs. Click on the small blue arrow for more colours options. This paragraph has a grey background

This button is for bordering selected text or paragraphs. Many options are available like just right, left, top, bottom, all borders etc. Click on the small blue arrow for all the available options. This paragraph has outside side borders.

Now let us change your essay a bit more using the paragraph options. The heading 'The Western Ghats' is aligned to the centre. The background colour is light Gray. The paragraph has outside borders too. It should look like this.

'''The Western Ghats'''

''South India's rain forests, the Western Ghats also called the Sahayadri ranges ( hill ranges running parallel to the south-west coast of peninsular India) are an area of great biological, cultural diversity and conservation interest. This unique region is home to a great array of flora and fauna, indigenous people, ancient forts and monuments. ''

Next you will learn about how to make simple lists using 'Bullets and Numbers' options available in the paragraph tab.

The first button is used to create lists with bullets and the second one is used to create lists with numbers. Make a list of some wild animals and some domestic animals. Let the wild animals list have bullets and the domestic animals list have numbers.

List of wild animals

To make a list like the above, first type the list, select the list and click on the bullets button Clicking on the small blue arrow gives many bullets options. Now try to make a list of domestic animals and number them.
 * Lion
 * Elephant
 * Tiger
 * Wolf
 * Cheetah

Using LibreOffice to create documents
LibreOffice

You will have to log into Ubuntu operating system to use LibreOffice Writer. To start LibreOffice, you have to click '''Applications → Office → LibreOffice Writer.''' You will see a window like the one in the picture. There will be a blank page and a cursor where you can start typing. Note that everything that you did so far using Microsoft Word can be done using LibreOffice too.

You will do the same 'The Western Ghats' paragraph but using LibreOffice. The functions that you used in Microsoft office will be discussed in LibreOffice.

''Saving the file''

Type the paragraph 'The Western Ghats'. Save the file by clicking on 'File' menu and selecting 'Save' option as shown in the picture.

Type the file name in the dialog box that shows up as 'My School' and click on the 'Save' button.



Making changes to the text
Inserting, deleting and selecting text is done exactly the same way as it is done in Microsoft Word.

Copying text

Select the text you want to copy and click on 'Edit' menu and select 'Copy'. You can also copy text by clicking on copy button or by using the keyboard shortcut CTRL and C.

Cutting text

Select the text you want to cut and click on 'Edit' menu and select 'Cut'. You can also cut text by clicking on cut button, or by using the the keyboard shortcut CTRL and X.

Pasting text

Click on 'Edit' and select 'Paste' menu. You can also paste copied or cut text by clicking on the paste button or by using the keyboard shortcut CTRL and V.

Change the 'My School' essay as you did when working with MS Word.

Formatting characters and paragraphs
You can change the font style, size. You can make the text bold, slanting or underline the text. To change case (small letters to capital letters etc), click on 'Format' menu and select 'Change Case'. To capitalise the selected text, choose UPPERCASE option.

To change the colour of the text, click on the small arrow next to the icon in the picture.

You can format paragraphs, i.e., align the text left, centre, right and justify using these buttons

.

For more character formatting options, click on 'Format' menu and choose 'Character'.

There are many tabs like Indents and Spacing, Alignment, Text Flow, Outline &amp; Numbering, Tabs, Drop Caps, Borders, and Background available when you click on Format → Paragraph.

To shade a paragraph or give a background colour to it, click on the 'Background' tab and choose a colour. And, to add border to paragraphs, click on the Borders tab.

Now try changing the essay using the above options. Align the heading 'My school' to centre. Change the background colour to light blue. Put borders to the paragraph.

Making simple lists
Use these buttons to create lists. The first button is used to make lists with bullets and the second one is used for numbered lists.

Make two lists of animals. One list is bulleted and of wild animals. The other one is numbered and of domestic animals.

Typing in Kannada
IBus is a software application used to type in various languages. Using IBus and LibreOffice, you will learn how to type in Kannada. Open LibreOffice Writer. Click CTRL and the SPACE bar together. On the top panel, you will see something like this. Now you can start typing in Kannada. Use the following key strokes to type.

Lab Exercises
Type a paragraph on trees (Do this exercise using both MS Word and LibreOffice Writer).

Trees

Trees are very important things in our daily lives. They provide us food and oxygen – two most vital things for our survival. Some trees have medicinal value. Some other trees gives us wood. This wood is used in building homes, making furniture and as a source of fuel too. It is very important not to cut trees and to plant more trees.

After formatting, it should look like

TREES

Trees are very important things in our daily lives. They provide us food and oxygen – two most vital things for our survival. Some trees have medicinal value. Some other trees gives us wood. This wood is used in building homes, making furniture and as a source of fuel too. It is very important not to cut trees and to plant more trees.

Summary

 * 1) A word processor lets 	you to create a document, store it on the disk, show it on a screen, 	make changes to it using the keyboard, and print it on a printer.
 * 2) A word processor can insert, 	delete, cut, copy and paste text.
 * 3) Some popular word processors 	are Microsoft Word, LibreOffice writer, OpenOffice Writer, Google 	Docs.
 * 4) Microsoft Word works only on 	Microsoft Windows operating system and the files created using it 	has a .docx extension.
 * 5) LibreOffice Writer works on 	many operating systems including Ubuntu GNU/Linux and Microsoft 	Windows. The files created using it has a .odt extenstion.
 * 6) Using MS Word and LibreOffice 	Writer, you learnt how to make changes to the text, format 	characters and paragraphs and create lists with bullets and numbers.

Exercises

 * 1) Open 	Microsoft Word (This can be done in Kannada or English)
 * 2) Type 		your names. 	ii. Change the way your names look.
 * 3) Make 		copies of your names without retyping them.
 * 4) Move 		your names to the middle of the page without retyping them.
 * 5) Make 	a list of states in India using numbers in Microsoft Word.
 * 6) Write 	a letter to your teacher asking for 15 days leave, using LibreOffice 	Writer.
 * 7) Make 	a list of your friends using bullets in LibreOffice Writer.
 * 1) Make 	a list of your friends using bullets in LibreOffice Writer.

Additional resources
'''Press F1 function key when using MS Word or LibreOffice for help in using them.'''

[]

[]

= 4.Browsing the Internet =

Chapter objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about,


 * 1) Computer 	Network
 * 2) Internet
 * 3) Software 	and Hardware required to connect to the Internet
 * 4) World 	Wide Web and URLs
 * 5) Internet 	Browsers
 * 6) Browsing 	the Internet

The Internet
How do we get electricity in our homes? Electricity flows through a network which is a connection of power lines, cables, towers and reaches our homes.

There are different kinds of networks; rail network, road network, telephone, water supply network and many more. A network is a connection of many components. Also, networks are shared by many people.

Even computers can be connected in a network. A computer network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together. Computer networks can be broadly classifed as,

Hub In your lab, you must have seen all the computers (clients) connected to one main computer - “the server”. It is a LAN. The cables from the clients are connected to a device called a 'hub', and the hub is connected to the server. A hub is a common connection point for devices in a network.
 * Local Area networks (LANs) : The 	computers are close together (may be, in the same building).
 * Wide Area networks (WANs) : The 	computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or 	radio waves.  [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m163d865d.png]]

Do you know what can be shared in a computer network? You can share files, information and even some hardware devices using a computer network.

What is the use of sharing information over a computer network? You might have booked train or bus tickets when you travel across the state. To book a ticket you need to find out which train or bus goes from your place to wherever you want to go and also if the tickets are available on the dates you want to travel. If your computer is connected to the computer in a railway reservation office which has the information about the trains and ticket availability, you can book tickets from home. Such a connection of computers is called an Internet connection. Information is communicated and shared between the two computers, through such an Internet connection.

If you want information about some book available in your library, you can connect to the library's computer from home and get the information that you want. There are many such computers in different organisations giving us different types of information. These computers are all connected to one another. This is called the Internet.

So, for sharing or getting information from another computer on the Internet, you need a connection to the Internet.

What do you need to connect to the Internet?

Modem

Before you can connect to the Internet, you must have a computer, a modem (A modem is a hardware device that allows a computer to transmit data over telephone or cable lines) and access to a telephone line which is connected to the Internet and a software to connect.

''Data card''

You can also use a device called data card for connecting to the internet without any wire connections. The data cards use the mobile phones network to connect to the internet.

The connection software is provided usually by the service providers (which are mostly telephone companies)

World Wide Web (WWW)
There are millions of pages of shared information on the computers in the network, created by many people and organizations, in the form of 'web pages' accessed using a software application called a 'web browser'. This information network is called the World Wide Web. The source of information is called the web site. A web site is a collection of related web pages of information.

Web Browser
Once you are connected to the Internet and are ready to look for things, you will need a software called the web Browser. There are many browsers available like Mozilla Firefox, Windows Internet Explorer, Apple's Safari, Google Chrome etc. All browsers will have similar functions. In this chapter you will learn to use Mozilla Firefox to browse the web. Browse the web means look for things on the internet.

Click on the icon on your top panel to start the Firefox Internet browser when you are using Ubuntu. You will see a screen like this.

A website is nothing but a folder on a computer connected to the Internet, which has a 'address '. You will have to enter the address of a website in the address bar (see the picture). This address is also called Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

In the address bar, type www.wikipedia.org and press enter. This is a website where you can find information on many subjects.

This website has information on many languages. Move the mouse pointer on English and you will find that the pointer has changed to a hand. These are links to other sections of the web site. They are called hyperlinks. A hyperlink is a mechanism by which a web page is linked to another related web page. Text, images can be made into hyper links. A hyperlink is usually underlined.

When you click on English, you get the information from the encyclopedia in English.

There are different sections, if you look at the right hand top corner, giving information about Arts, History, Maths, Science etc. You can click on Maths and search on a certain topic. Type multiplication in the search box that you see just above the different sections. You will get an article about Multiplication.

Search Engines

A search engine is used to search for information on the World Wide Web. It keeps a track of all web pages. We can search for information we want by providing a word or a sentence to a search engine. Google is a very popular search engine. In your browser's address bar type 'www.google.com' . In the search box you see type 'sachin tendulkar centuries'. You will see a list of all the webpages having information about Sachin Tendulkar's centuries. You can click on the hyper links and get more information.

Visit the following websites

 * 1) kn.wikipedia.org , kannada.samachar.com , irctc.com rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in 	dsert.kar.nic.in
 * 2) Search for NCERT 	Textbooks for Class VIII using google.com

Chapter summary

 * 1) Files, information and even some hardware devices can be shared 	using a computer network.
 * 2) Information is communicated and shared between the computers through 	an Internet connection.
 * 3) A computer, modem and access to a telephone line which is connected 	to the Internet and a connection software is required to connect to 	the Internet.
 * 4) A web site is a collection of related web pages of information.
 * 5) A software 	application called a web browser is required to look for things on 	the Internet's World Wide Web.
 * 6) A search engine 	is used to search for information on the World Wide Web

Exercises
Choose the correct answer

Say True or False
 * 1) Internet is a network of
 * 2) Roads		2. Rails	3. Computers		4. Water pipes
 * 3) Which of these is not a browser
 * 4) Safari		2. Chrome	3. Nautilus		4. Firefox
 * 5) The device used to connect without wires to the Internet is called
 * 6) USB Flash drive	2. Data card		3. Memory Card	4.Modem
 * 1) The device used to connect without wires to the Internet is called
 * 2) USB Flash drive	2. Data card		3. Memory Card	4.Modem


 * 1) Internet is a network of computers
 * 2) A Modem is required to connect to the Internet without wires
 * 3) Wikipedia is a website
 * 4) WWW stands for world wide web
 * 5) URL stands for Unknown resource locator

Additional Resources
[]

= 5.Mind mapping =

Chapter objectives
In this chapter you will be able to


 * 1) Understand 	the meaning of a mind map
 * 2) Learn 	how to use mind maps
 * 3) And 	learn how to create mind maps using a software application called 	Freemind

What is a mind map?
Close your eyes and think of a word. For example think about the word plant. Now think of all the words that that come into your mind when you think about the word plant. List these words in your notebook.

Some of the common thoughts/words that would come into mind when thinking about plants are:

	PLANT	WATER		PHOTOSYNTHESIS		LEAF 

	FLOWER 		ROOT 	STEM 	

'''		SOIL			SUNLIGHT			CARBON DI OXIDE '''

These words have meaning that can be pictured in the mind. These words can be called concept words. Concept is a way of describing a word that can be pictured in the mind. It is also any thought, idea, belief, picture or image that is formed in the mind when we think of a word or topic. For example, one concept for plant is that it is a living thing.

Now look at these words:

'''	HAVE USING 	NEED'''

		CARRY-OUT

These words are not concept words but link two or more concept words together. For example, plants have roots, leaves, stem, flower. So one concept may be linked to many other concepts. This can be drawn like a map shown in the picture below.

Now add more concept words to the above picture or map by linking one concept to many other concepts to make a m'''ind map''' of the topic plant.

''Figure 2''

A mind map of plant with the words that was described above while picturing the word plant is seen below in Figure 2.

What are the differences you notice in ''Figure 1 and Figure 2? One obvious difference is that in Figure 1'' not all the concept and link words that have been listed are there. The other difference is

that in ''Figure 1 ''a pen and paper has been used to draw the mind map freehand. In ''Figure 2 a software application or tool called 'Freemind '''is used to draw the Mind-map.

Lab exercises
What is Freemind and how can I use it ?

''Open Freemind''

Freemind is a public educational application software tool for creating and editing (changing) mindmaps. You can share it freely.

To open Freemind

Select from the Ubuntu menu Applications &gt; Office &gt; Freemind

To create a new mind-map

To start writing the Mind map
 * 1) Select 	the mode as Maps 	&gt; Mindmap Mode (Shortcut 	Key ALT+1) 	from 	the Freemind Menu
 * 2) Select 	File &gt; New
 * 3) (Shortcut 	Key Ctrl+N). 	You 	 should see a screen as follows:

To add a link word place your cursor on PLANT node (Parent Node)  and use one of the following options
 * 1) Double-Click on the Node New 	Mindmap as shown in Figure 3.
 * 2) Delete the text New Mindmap 	and type in PLANT the central concept word.

To add another concept ''' word place your cursor on have node (Parent Node) '''and
 * 1) Select 	menu option Edit 	&gt; New Child Node (Shortcut 	Key Insert)
 * 2) You 	have created a new child 	node of 	node PLANT
 * 3) Enter 	the text have in 	this new node
 * 4) Select 	menu option Format 	 &gt; Fork 

To add a concept ''' word 'LEAVES you can also place your cursor on STEM (''Sibling Node) and
 * 1) Select 	menu option Edit 	&gt; New Child Node (Shortcut 	key: Insert)
 * 2) You 	have created a new child 	node of 	node have
 * 3) Enter 	the text STEM in 	this new node
 * 4) Select 	menu option Format 	 &gt; Bubble 

In this way you can create the complete Mind-map for PLANT.
 * 1) Select 	menu option Edit &gt; New 	Sibling Node (Shortcut 	key: Enter)
 * 2) You 	have created a new sibling 	node of 	node STEM
 * 3) Enter 	the text LEAVES in 	this new node
 * 4) Select 	menu option Format 	 &gt; Bubble

''Saving the mind map''

'''Save your Freemind mind map'''

To open a Freemind mind map
 * 1) Select 	menu option File 	&gt; Save As.
 * 2) A window appears (like Figure).
 * 3) Select 	the folder by double clicking on ./ 	 in 	the Folders box. The folder selected here is /Home/Bindu/Documents.
 * 4) Type the file name plant in the 	box.
 * 5) Click 	OK.
 * 6) You will notice the name 	changes in the top panel of the freemind window and now has the file 	name with the path it is saved in.
 * 7) Your 	file is saved as plant.mm. 	All freemind files have the file extension mm.

Figure 		5 Select menu option File 	&gt; Open 
 * 1) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_4ace7708.png]]
 * 1) A window appears
 * 2) Select the folder in which you 	saved the file
 * 3) Select the file &lt;filename&gt;.mm 	in this case plant.mm
 * 4) Click OK

'''Try this exercise in the Lab'''


 * 1) The 	topic or main mind is TRANSPORTATION. Here are a list of 'Mind' 	words : air, slow, car, sea, petrol, aeroplane, fast, submarine, 	car, bicycle, ship, helicopter, fuel, water, diesel. If you think 	of more mind words add it to this list. Use your own 'link' words 	and create a Mind map in Freemind. Name your file Transportation.mm

Chapter summary
In this chapter we learnt about


 * 1) Concepts: 	Concepts are like giving 	meaning to words or ideas that you picture in your mind. You can 	link one concept word with many other concept words using a link 	word based on your understanding. Examples of concept words : 	Animal, Plant, Food, Mammals etc. Examples of link words are: 	having, belonging, a part of etc.
 * 2) Mind 	maps :  Mind maps link 	different concepts with each other and create a map of the ideas you 	have in your mind about a specific topic.
 * 3) Freemind: 	Freemind is a software application that you can use to draw a mind 	map on the computer. When you save the mind map on the computer it 	is a digital document that you can change and share any time you 	want to.
 * 4) How mind 	maps are useful for learning different subjects and topics; by 	thinking of all the ideas that come into your mind about a topic and 	how these ideas are related to each other in your understanding. If 	the understanding is not correct, your teacher can discuss with you 	why it may be incorrect and this way you also learn to correct some 	ideas which you may have misunderstood.

Exercises
Figure 		6 The topic or main 	concept is ANIMALS. The different animals are reptiles, mammals, 	fish, birds, amphibians. List all the animals you know in each 	category. The mindmap has been started for you. See Figure 6 below. Complete it with all the animals you know.
 * 1) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_731f5ed0.png]]


 * 1) Select 	MY VILLAGE as your main topic. If you live in a bigger town or city 	select MY LOCALITY as your main topic. Close your eyes and picture 	your village/locality and create a mind-map.

Additional resources
'''See '[]' for many mindmaps on different subjects. You can also join the community online and contribute your maps'''. []' also has mindmaps for concepts in mathematics, science and social science topics.'''

Computer Aided Learning

= 6.Learning geometry with GeoGebra =

Chapter objectives
In this chapter you will learn


 * How you can use the computer to learn 	mathematics.
 * About GeoGebra a mathematical software 	application that helps you learn Geometry, Algebra and Statistics.
 * How to use GeoGebra.
 * Connect GeoGebra with the geometry taught in 	the maths class to better understand some of the concepts and 	properties.

How can we use ICTs for learning mathematics?
Nowadays we see computers everywhere and we know that it has become an important part of our daily lives. So far we have learnt how to use the computer for basic document writing also called text processing. We have used the Internet to read information. We might also have watched some videos, listened to music, seen some CDs about our class lessons. You must have played some games on the computer as well! Have you seen or used a calculator? A calculator is a device to do arithmetic calculations. Now calculators are available in computers and mobile phones. Now you can also learn other areas of mathematics such as geometry, algebra and statistics using software applications like GeoGebra.

It helps you visualise geometric concepts and explore properties of different types of geometric figures like lines, triangles and rays.

What is GeoGebra ?
Can you guess why the creators of this tool named it GeoGebra. Geo is an abbreviation for Geometry and Gebra for Algebra. Did you know that you can represent all geometric figures as algebra equations? GeoGebra helps you see both the geometric figures and its algebra representation at the same time, hence the name GeoGebra.



In this chapter you will learn to understand Geometry concepts using GeoGebra.

In GeoGebra you can animate the geometric figure you have drawn and dynamically  see how some values like length, area, perimeter of a figure changes, see the same figure in different ways.



Introduction, the GeoGebra window
The GeoGebra screen is divided in several sections to represent mathematical objects in different

ways. The names of the different parts are shown below.

''Main Screen - GeoGebra''

'''Menu Bar: It is a '''typical windows command menu bar. '''File, Edit, View '''etc... are called the menu-items.

Tool Bar:  It has all the tools (compass box) to use in the graphic view.

Active Tool View: It tells you which tool is active to use on the graphic view and how to use it.

Graphic View: It is used to draw the geometric figures (also called objects in GeoGebra). This window can never be closed.

Algebra View: It shows the algebraic expressions. This window can be closed if you are working only on geometry.

Input Bar: This is used to enter more complex mathematical expressions that may not be available on the Tool Bar.

Commands: It has to be used along with the Input Bar, to select from a list of available commands.

The Toolbar
The tool bar is GeoGebra's compass box

Each tool has many related tools under it. To see all the related tools, click on the arrow at the bottom right hand corner of each tool as shown below.

Basic use of tools 

Look of screen
 * [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2e9355f9.png]]Activate 	a tool by clicking on the button showing the corresponding icon.
 * Open a toolbox by clicking on the lower part of a 	button and select another tool from this toolbox.

In GeoGebra only the graphic view cannot be closed. You can change the screen to be best fit for working with your needs: Press View on the menu Item and uncheck or check Algebra View, Axes and Grid based on your needs.

GeoGebra Exercises

 * 1) Drawing 	points, line segment and rays

To learn how to use GeoGebra we will use the most commonly used tools when drawing geometrical shapes.

Can you describe in your own words the difference between a segment, line and ray? Also see the algebra view and observe the equations of the line b and ray c. The line segment a is represented in the algebra view as a = 2.83, where 2.83 is the length of the segment.
 * 1) Select 	Point Tool, and click anywhere on the drawing point to plot six 	points A, B, C, D, E, F.
 * 2) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6802121.png]]Select 	Segment between two points tool, click on point A and then 	point B.
 * 3) Select 	Line through two points tool, 	click on point C and then point D.
 * 4) Select 	Ray through two points 	tool, click on point E and the point F.

Now use the Move Tool move points A, B and C. What do you observe? Describe it.
 * 1) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1eb2590.png]]Drawing 	a parallel line
 * 2) Select 		Point Tool and click anywhere on the drawing point to plot three 		points A,B, C.
 * 3) Select 		Line through two points tool, 		click on point A and then point B.
 * 4) Select 		Parallel Line tool, 		click on point C first. Then click on line AB.

Next use the Move Graphics view tool and move the drawing pad. Do the two lines ever meet?

Try making a pentagon and hexagon on your own.
 * 1) Drawing 	 polygons
 * 2) Select Point tool and plot three points A B and C to 		represent the vertices of a triangle.
 * 3) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m54b722a1.png]]To 		draw a three-sided polygon – triangle, select Polygon 		tool click on point A, then B and C and again click on point A. OR

In this exercise you are going to draw a right-angled triangle where the base is 5 units and the hypotenuse is 8 units.
 * 1) Rotate 	a ray
 * 2) Draw 		line segment AB of any length (Segment between two points tool).
 * 3) Select the Ray Through two points tool, click on point A, 		then select another point C on the drawing pad as shown in the 		figure.
 * 4) Select the Angle tool, as seen in the figure and click on 		points B, then A and finally C. You will see an angle measure. 		Click on the Move tool and move point C. Observe the change of 		angle.
 * 5) Observe the direction (clockwise, anticlockwise) in which you move 		the ray? In which direction does the angle increase and which 		direction does it decrease?
 * 6) Draw 	triangles
 * 1) Draw 	triangles

All buttons on the tool bar hide many related tools. You choose the tool you want by pressing the small red arrow in the lower right corner of the button. Choose from the list that shows up.


 * 1) Start your drawing by using the 	tool Segment with Given Length 	from Point.


 * 1) Continue by drawing the right 	angle. Do this by drawing a perpendicular line through point A. 	 Choose the perpendicular line tool, click on point A first and then 	on the line.


 * 1) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_72a9f629.png]]To 	mark the third corner of the triangle you use one of the circle 	tools, Circle with Centre and 	Radius.
 * 2) Click on the point B and 	fill in the length of the hypotenuse as radius.


 * 1) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5680d7e4.png]]Choose 	the tool Intersect Two Objects, 	click on the circle and the perpendicular line. The point in the 	intersection is the third corner of the triangle.




 * 1) Draw the triangle by choosing 	the Polygon tool. You need to click all the corners 	and then click again on the first corner to complete the triangle.


 * 1) The perpendicular line and the 	circle, even the points do not need to be visible or seen now, you 	only want to show the triangle. Hide an object by right-clicking 	the object and uncheck Show 	Object by 	clicking on it.




 * 1) The lengths of the sides in the 	triangle can be shown. Right-click one of the sides and choose 	Object Properties in 	the menu which shows up. Check the Show 	Label field and choose Value 	from the drop down list.
 * 1) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_74ac619e.png]]To 	show the size of the angles use the Angle tool. Click on each 	vertex of the triangle. The order in which you click the 	vertices must be in the clock wise direction. In this figure click 	in this order BAC, CBA, and ACB.

To save GeoGebra files
 * 1) The area of the triangle can also be shown, 	use the Area tool as seen in the figure above. Click on Area 	tool and then click on the polygon.
 * 2) Change the shape of the triangle by moving 	the points you are able to move (use the Move tool).


 * 1) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m30e17108.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6e1d0aba.png]]To 	save your GeoGebra file, select menu item File &gt; Save As.
 * 2) Select the Document folder.
 * 3) Type the filename Right Angled Triangle.
 * 4) The Files of Type box will automatically have 	Geogebra Files (.ggb).
 * 5) Click Save. Your file will be saved as Right 	Angled Triangle.ggb.

To open GeoGebra files


 * 1) Open the GeoGebra applications.
 * 2) Select menu item 	File &gt; Open.
 * 3) Select the folder 	and the file.
 * 4) Click Open.

'''Additionally you can try the following exercise.'''


 * 1) Follow the following steps to construct a 	rectangle ABCD like the figure. Use the Move tool 	and move the vertices of the rectangle. If you have constructed the 	rectangle correctly, when you move the vertices the figure will 	always be a rectangle. 	Seeing this construction can you write down the properties of a 	rectangle?   Steps:
 * 2) Draw a line 		segment AB of any length (Segment between two points tool).
 * 3) Draw a 		perpendicular line at point A perpendicular to line segment AB. For 		this in GeoGebra : Select the Perpendicular line tool. Click 		on point A then select line segment AB.   [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m7091d368.png]]
 * 4) Similarly draw 		another perpendicular line at point B to line segment AB. How will 		you do this in GeoGebra?
 * 5) Now select the 		Parallel Line tool and draw a parallel line to AB at 		any new point C.
 * 6) Mark the 		intersection points of the parallel and perpendicular lines as D 		and E using the Intersect two objects tool.
 * 7) ADEB the 		rectangle you constructed.
 * 8) To measure the 		sides, use the Distance or Length tool and click on points 		AD, then DE, then EB and finally AB.
 * 9) Select the move 		tool and move points A or B. What do you observe, write down your 		observations.
 * 10) Now use the 		polygon tool and complete your rectangle. Also hide the 		construction. How will you do this?

Chapter summary
In this chapter you have learnt about:


 * 1) GeoGebra 	is a mathematical tool that helps you construct geometrical figures 	and see the geometric and algebraic representations at the same 	time. It is dynamic (where you can change the values of some of the 	properties like length, angle) and you can animate 	your geometric figures to understand properties of the figures you 	have drawn.
 * 2) You learnt how to 	use GeoGebra to construct different geometrical figures and 	understand some mathematical concepts.

Exercises

 * 1) Verifying a Theorem: The 	sum of the interior angles of a triangle are 180 degrees.
 * 2) Draw 		three points A, B, C (New 		Point tool)
 * 3) Draw 		the triangle with vertices A,B and C (Polygon 		tool)
 * 4) Select 		the Angle tool 		to measure each of the interior angles of the triangle. Now verify 		that the sum of all the interior angles equals to 180 degrees.
 * 5) Select one of the vertices of the triangle (A,B or C) 		and move the points (Move tool) to change the shape of the 		triangles.
 * 1) Exploring 	the rule: Similar triangles are proportional : Draw a triangle. 	Place a point on one of the sides and draw a line through this point 	parallel to one of the sides in the triangle. Parallel line: Use the 	Parallel line tool. You now have two triangles like the 	figure below.   [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_76cbafdc.png]]
 * 1) Explain why triangle 	ABC is similar to triangle DBE. Measure the lengths of the sides in 	both triangles.
 * 2) Check if the rule stating that 	the ratio between the lengths of corresponding sides in similar 	triangles is the same applies.
 * 3) Measuring lengths: Use the 	Distance or Length tool.
 * 4) Make the Algebra View visible: 	View on the Menu Item.
 * 5) Show names of points: 	Right‐click on one of the points, choose properties, in the list 	on the left side click on points and check Show Label.
 * 6) Calculate the ratio: In the 	Input bar write: r1=Distance[A,B]/Distance[A,D]. AB and AD are 	corresponding sides in the two triangles. Repeat the command for the 	other two pairs of corresponding sides.
 * 7) Change the shape of the 	triangle by moving the points you are able to move (use the Move 	tool). Are the triangles still similar? What happens to the ratios?


 * 1) Construct 	a square in GeoGebra. You are only given a line segment AB of any 	length. How will you construct the square? The steps are given 	below
 * 2) Draw 		a line segment AB of any length using Segment between Two Points 		Tool.
 * 3) Draw 		two perpendicular lines at points A and B respectively and 		perpendicular to the line 		segment AB using Perpendicular Line tool.
 * 4) Draw 		a circle of radius = length of line segment AB using the circle 		with centre through point tool. 		Make point A the centre of the circle and point B as the point on 		the circle.
 * 5) Use 		Intersection two objects and 		click on the point where the circle intersects the perpendicular 		line at A. This will be point C.
 * 6) Draw 		a parallel line by selecting point C and line segment AB using the 		parallel line tool.
 * 7) Use 		Intersection two objects and 		click on the point where the parallel line intersects the 		perpendicular line at B. This will be point D.
 * 8) ABCD is your square.
 * 9) Measure the sides using the 		Distance or Length tool. 		What do you observe? What are the properties of a square?
 * 10) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]Move 		the points A or B using the Move tool. Is 		ABCD still a square?

Additional resources

 * 1) To learn more GeoGebra seethe 	website []
 * 2) To download GeoGebra files 	(.ggb) created by your mathematics teachers go to 	[] 	 Select Maths Tab, then Computer Tools Tab.
 * 3) [] 	 To see video tutorials of GeoGebra
 * 4) To learn about how to 	participate in mathematics olympiads please see the website 	[]
 * 5) Here are a list of mathematics 	websites that you can try out puzzles
 * 6) [] []

= 7.Science and technology =

Chapter objectives
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to

You will work with your teacher in this module. She will guide you through the various topics as well as give examples for each of these topics from your syllabus. Several examples here will require you to do practical experiments in the science lab as well as observe things outside your classroom.
 * 1) Understand the way science and 	technology have grown
 * 2) Use different software 	applications for learning topics
 * 3) Understand simulations and how 	they are used
 * 4) Use the Internet to access 	information

Science and technology
What is the connection between science and technology? Study of science includes a method of observing things around us, thinking about why those events happen, explaining why the events happen, recording information about the events and also predicting what might happen. The understanding of phenomena can lead to the development of tools – this is what we call technology. The technology can provide us more methods of observing, experimenting and recording. And this in turn results in the advancement of science. Thus, science and technology are very closely connected.

One of the technologies that has a great influence on many areas of our life today is Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). These include the computer and the internet for transmitting information. You have already learnt about the history and development of computers. Now we will look at the various ways in which computers can be used for scientific research and study.

Making large calculations

Computers make it easy for scientists to do calculations with large numbers, for example number of cells or number of stars.

Make models for study

Experiments in science are of different kinds. Some are small, some are large, some are simple, some need lots of equipment, some are very complex and need lots of skill to do and some are impossible to do physically. Can you think of some examples of each of these kinds?

Computers help scientists in making models of complex and physically difficult experiments. If we want to find out whether a medicine will work or not, it is possible to build a computer model of the human cell for simulating how it will respond to the medicine. Similarly, we cannot go to a star and study the radio waves produced; but we can model it on a computer.

Connecting scientists and building databases

Science is everywhere. When computers are used to share the data collected, more people can have access to it. In Bengaluru, the National Centre of Biological Sciences wants to build a database of scientific data by getting data on trees and plants from all over Karnataka. Such a database will be available to many people.

Lab exercises
The internet is a very useful resource for getting information about many topics.

1. With the help of your teacher, look at the following websites:

[]

[]

This will give you information about satellites and how they are made and used.

2. Check the internet for information about the Citizen Sparrow Project to see how the computer can help collect scientific information from many people and help make analyses.

What are computer simulations?
Computer simulations are very useful for scientific research when a physical experiment may be very costly or dangerous or extremely time consuming to do. When a scientist is studying a problem, she will make assumptions about what causes the change and make predictions about what will change. This information can be input to the computer and the simulation will make all the calculations and show what changes happen. Sometimes, the changes that the simulation will show will be different from what the scientist predicted. This will help the scientists refine the theory. The simulation shows the experiment on a computer. The scientist can change the inputs to see how the experiment changes. This helps in the development of new knowledge.

'''Simulations are different from animations'''

Computer models are different from animations. In an animation, we simply see a movie which shows a phenomenon happening. The inputs cannot be changed.

Your teacher will show you the following. Write down what you observe in the two activities. Is there any difference between the two?

[]
 * 1) Applications&gt; Education&gt; 	PhET&gt; My Solar System
 * 2) Applications&gt; Education&gt; 	Kstars&gt; Tools&gt; Solar System
 * 3) Check out the following link on 	the solar system.

Computer simulations for studying science
PhET is a software application that contains computer demonstrations of experiments and activities. These are called simulation. A simulation is like doing an experiment on the computer.

Lab exercises
You can find PhET under Applications&gt; Education&gt; Science. We will learn more about simulations a little later when we learn about the use of computers in science. The PhET simulation can also be found on the Internet at [].

When you open PhET you will see a page like the one shown below.

When we click on Play with sims – it will open simulations in various subjects. We will click on Physics and scroll down to the simulation on Waves on a String. When we want to open a simulation, we click on the green rectangle which says 'Run Now'. And this will start the simulation.

Exercise 1 :  Observe the simulation 'Wave on a String'

You will see a picture like this. This is similar to a situation that you might have had where you tie a rope to one end and the other end is in your hand.

When you shake your hand, the rope will shake though it will be fixed at the other end. Similarly, if we move the wrench here, the rope (which is a collection of beads) will also move without being removed from the other end.

This simulation will allow you to move the string in different ways using the mouse and the various choices you have. Your teacher will explain what these various choices are.

''Physics simulation: Waves on a string -I''



In this simulation, you would have noticed two words – tension and damping. Tension is the force that will get set up in a rope when you pull on it. How much tension gets set up depends on the material of the string. If you have a cotton saree as a rope and a nylon string as a rope, they will move in different ways. Damping means reducing. When I pull up the rope, the rope will try to resist that pull and this resistance is called damping.

Answer the following questions


 * 1) When you 'move' the wrench up 	and down, did the string move? How did it move? How did each of the 	beads move?
 * 2) When you look at the 	simulation, it looks like something is moving from one end to 	another. What is moving?
 * 3) Let us understand what happens 	when you move the string using the manual option. You can complete 	the table below.

When you use the ruler you will notice that some of the beads jump very high – much more than when the wave started. Why is this so? How high the beads go is related to the amplitude. Discuss with your teacher why the beads jump so high after a while and also the relationship with the amplitude of the wave. Describe what you understand by amplitude and frequency.
 * 1) Let us understand what happens 	when you move the string using the oscillating option. You can 	complete the table below. You will see that there is a green 	rectangle on the top in which there are control buttons for 	amplitude, frequency and damping. We know what damping is. At the 	end of this simulation, you will be able to describe amplitude and 	frequency.

Chapter summary

 * 1) Science and technology are linked; technology 	has helped the development of science.
 * 2) Computers have made many improvements in how 	we study science. They can be used to simulate models, do large 	calculations,develop databases and help connect people.
 * 3) The computer and Internet technologies can 	also be used for studying science in schools.
 * 4) You have studied about ecosystems, biomes 	through videos.
 * 5) You have seen the difference between 	simulation and animation.

Exercises

 * 1) Open the PhET simulation on Colour Vision. 	Run both the simulations – RGB Bulbs and Single Bulb. Then, answer 	the following questions:
 * 1) When only one bulb is used, what colour does 	the man see? Why?
 * 2) When more than one colour is used, what 	colour does the man see? Why? Does this change if I move the 	sliders on each of the bulbs the man sees? If it changes, why does 	it change?
 * 3) When all the three bulbs are used, what is 	the colour that the man sees? Where else do we see white light? If 	R,G,B when mixed give the white light, what can you say about the 	nature of the red, green and blue.
 * 4) When does the man see any colour and when 	does he see black?
 * 5) What is the filter doing? Explain the 	difference in colour between the source being monochromatic (single 	colour) and white.
 * 1) Open the PhET simulation on Friction 	under Physics/ Motion. Run the simulation and answer the following 	questions.
 * 1) What do the moving green and yellow circles 	indicate?
 * 2) When you are rubbing the yellow book on the 	green book what happens? How do you know that the heat is being 	generated?
 * 3) When the temperature goes very high, the 	yellow circles fly off. What does this mean physically?

Additional resources
= 8.Social science =
 * 1) [] 	- For a description of radio astronomy
 * 2) http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History.htm' 	– 'Growth 	in computer technology

Chapter objectives
At the end of this chapter, you will work with ICTs to get an understanding over the following


 * 1) Different 	historical sources and perspectives.
 * 2) How 	to look for information beyond the available history textbook 	material on the lives of different people in history.

Historical sources and perspectives:
When we study history, we learn about different events that have happened in the past. We hear about stories of kings and queens, the commoners and their lives. How can you know that these things have happened? As we cannot see these people, we need to think about what they looked like, how they dressed, what they ate, what did they worship, what was their government like and many more such things.

Historians use different types of evidence to build stories of what might have happened in the past. They use different sources including ancient monuments, clothes, tools, diaries and other kinds of written documents, works of art and by speaking to older people in the community. Sources can be primary or secondary. Primary sources are original material, for example excavated material, letters and diaries of people from the past and other such material. Secondary material is that which uses primary sources to produce historical writing.

We usually visit museums to see displays of material from the past. Below each will be a description of how old it is, where it was found etc.

But this is limited as museums cannot store all the sources of history. Besides, different museums will have different kinds of sources. Hence, if we want to see and learn about all the different kind of evidences that have been used to write history, we can look it up on the Internet.

Websites like the Archaeological Survey of India's [] are good repositories of historical information. The information on such websites are valid and certified as authentic. However, this may not be the case with all websites on the Internet.

Lab exercise

 * 1) Look 	up websites on the Indus Valley Civilisation and look at how the 	information is written. Are there any differences? Note it down. For 	example, what are the sources mentioned, who has written about this 	information? (You can start your search with the below mentioned 	websites)
 * 2) []
 * 3) []
 * 4) []
 * 5) Using these web 	links: [], 	[] 	and [], 	write about the lives of the people (their food habits, clothes, 	regular places they visited, their daily life) in the Vijayanagara 	empire. You can use the word processor for this. Some examples which 	you could write about are
 * 6) A temple dancer
 * 7) One of the 		Virupaksha temple builders
 * 8) A vendor in Hampi
 * 9) A farmer
 * 1) A farmer

Chapter summary

 * 1) History is written with the help of different 	historical sources, both primary and secondary.
 * 2) Historical writing represents the ways of 	life of people in the past.
 * 3) Historical writing must be authenticated..

Exercises

 * 1) Using these websites, go through stories from Buddhism and Jainism. 	Work in groups and choose one website. Collect the main points from 	the stories and narrate your favourite story to your class.
 * 2) []
 * 3) []
 * 4) []
 * 5) Watch 	some videos on Alexander the Great on www.youtube.com 	and write a short life sketch imagining that you are Alexander. Also 	write a life sketch imagining you are the person who was in charge 	of taking care of his horse.
 * 6) Look 	up these websites to read the life of famous Indian historians: 	[], 	[], 	[], 	[].   Why do 	you think they wanted to become historians? Type all the possible 	answers you can think of and share with your class.
 * 7) With 	the help of your teacher, go on a expedition of your 	village/neighbourhood. Find out about the major historical sites of 	your area. Try to trace how and why these sites became important. 	You can also take photographs of this and share with your class.
 * 8) Meet 	some of the old people in your village and ask them to tell you a 	story about the village or a janapada that tells the story of the 	village. Can you write it down and later type it so that everybody 	can read it?
 * 1) Meet 	some of the old people in your village and ask them to tell you a 	story about the village or a janapada that tells the story of the 	village. Can you write it down and later type it so that everybody 	can read it?

Chapter objectives
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to explore using ICTs to develop an understanding over

India is a democratic country and as citizens of this country, we have certain rights as well as responsibilities. To be an active citizen, we must understand the social issues and civic issues around us and see how we can participate to do something about these issues. Through these exercises, we will explore what you and your classmates understand by the term democracy. You will work with your teacher to learn this concept. You will also draw up lists of the issues in your neighbourhood, especially concerning the common resources (water, forests, irrigation systems, land etc.)
 * 1) Your role as a citizen in a local and 	national context.
 * 2) Identifying different social and civic issues 	in the locality.
 * 3) How to access the elected representatives in 	charge.

Lab exercise

 * 1) Using a mindmap, map out all 	what you understand by the term democracy. Work in groups and 	present it to your classmates and come up with your own definitions 	of the term.
 * 2) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]Create 	a photo essay of the social and civic issues in your neighbourhood


 * 1) What 	are the common resources in your village. Make a photo essay on 	this.
 * 2) Visit 	the government departments (agriculture, horticulture, social 	welfare etc.) and gather information that is relevant and useful for 	you and your family. This will cover your needs now and for the 	future, your family needs etc. : 	[]v=Sgd6y9GTcdE&list=UUH4suj5leg5_Na0ttjuHHjw&index=20&feature=plcp

Chapter summary

 * 1) Different government 	departments have different responsibilities
 * 2) As a citizen, you must be aware 	of this and ensure that all basic needs of your community are met.

Exercises

 * 1) Interview 	some of your classmates and teachers and head master or head 	mistress and find out what they think are important issues that need 	to be addressed in your school. Prepare a note on this and present 	this to your head master/head mistress with inputs from your 	teacher.
 * 2) Visit your local Grama 	Panchayat and make a list of their functions. Interview some 	of the members on their vision for the village.
 * 3) What 	is the most important need for your school? (For example, need of 	toilet, a science lab etc. 	Find out who the concerned official is and write an application for 	this. Watch this video of how some girls did a similar activity to 	get a bus to their village. 	[]

Chapter objectives
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to explore using ICTs to develop an understanding over


 * 1) The reason behind natural 	phenomenon, how it can affect lives of people and safety measures 	against it.
 * 2) Navigate the public educational 	tool Marble and use it to locate different places.

Natural Phenomenon
There are many natural phenomena occurring all the time. Rains, floods, droughts, earthquakes, volcanoes are some examples of these. Phenomenon like these occur in most places around the earth. However, there are particular areas which are more prone to volcano eruptions, earthquakes etc. Some of these prove to be harmful to animal and human life. This leads to people losing their homes, their livelihoods and also their close friends and family.

It is not possible for us to see some of these things in our daily life (for example, volcano eruption, earthquakes). Let us make use of the Internet to look up some of these videos and try and understand these phenomenon.

Lab exercises

 * 1) Go 	to www.youtube.com and watch 	some videos on earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis. Divide into 	groups and prepare a presentation teaching you fellow classmates on 	how these phenomenon occur.   Listed below are some 	videos to help you start your search.
 * 2) [] 		(earthquakes explained by children)
 * 3) [] 		(What is a tsunami)
 * 4) [] 		(National Geographic video on volcanoes)
 * 5) [] 		(National Geographic video on tsunamis)
 * 6) [] 		(National Geographic video on earthquakes)
 * 7) Drought and floods are common 	in Karnataka. Look up online newspapers 	([]) 	and present to the class your analysis of the situation (which 	regions are most affected, the situation of the people and your 	ideas on what government can do to help these regions).
 * 1) Drought and floods are common 	in Karnataka. Look up online newspapers 	([]) 	and present to the class your analysis of the situation (which 	regions are most affected, the situation of the people and your 	ideas on what government can do to help these regions).

Maps
One of the techniques we use in geography is pictorial representation of places, events, features using maps. Map making (cartography) is a very important skill and has been around for many many years. For more information on the history of map making, visit [] and [].

We can use maps to emphasise some things (for example the map showing volcanoes that you saw above), describe details of some things. There are different kinds of maps for example physical map, political map, etc. Maps come in different shapes and sizes. We can also make a map of our school, our locality and even our village. Open Street maps [] are an example of how people are now making their own maps of their neighbourhoods and adding things to it which are important for them.

Let us now look at different maps and understand what they are depicting.



Lab exercises
On the left side, you can see the different earth views for example precipitation in July and December, rainfall in July and December etc. Click on each of the maps, explore. Try and answer the questions below.
 * 1) Using these 	websites 	([], 	[]), 	fill in the following table
 * 1) Marble   Go to Applications – 	&gt; Education – &gt; Marble.


 * 1) Identify 	the regions where there is heavy rainfall in June and December. Are 	there any similar regions? What could be the reason?
 * 2) Which 	are the hot zones on the earth and which are the cold zones? What 	could be the reason?
 * 3) Turn 	the globe upside down. Note down some of the main differences you 	feel could happen because of this. (For example, Australia on top.)   [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]

Chapter summary

 * 1) Natural 	phenomenon occur due to many natural as well as human influenced 	reasons.
 * 2) Maps 	are a representation of some information in a pictorial manner.
 * 3) Marble 	is an educational tool through which physical information can be 	collected about the earth through its different map views.

Exercises

 * 1) Prepare a concept map on what 	you think the environment consists of. What are the environmental 	problems that you are aware of? Have you observed anything like this 	in your surrounding areas? It is important for us to participate in 	saving the environment.
 * 2) How many borewells/ wells are 	there in and around your school? Are all of them functioning? What 	do you think could be the reasons for the drying up of borewells? 	Prepare a note on why ground water conservation is important. You 	can use the Internet to look for pictures and other websites for 	your sharing.
 * 3) In the first week of every 	month, record the temperature. Prepare a table of the data that you 	have collected.                                      {| border="1" |- |    | Minimun   | Maximum   | Rainfall   |- | January   |    |    |    |- | February   |    |    |    |- | …....   |    |    |    |- | December   |    |    |    |} [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m3c0e3d90.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m43ce02a3.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]

Additional exercises

 * 1) Using this website 	[] 	look at the evolution of the coin system in India. What are the 	currency notes and coins that we today? Try to trace the evolution 	and make a list of currency that has been used in India.
 * 2) Make a presentation of all the 	industries in your area. Make a list of the different kinds of 	occupations provided by these industries and the number of people in 	your neighbourhood who work in each industry.

Additional resources
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