Te Paragraph writing

Paragraphs are groups of related sentences that form complete units. They usually support the main ideas of an essay, article, or story; however, every paragraph has an identity and idea of its own. A paragraph is like a miniature essay.

పేరాగ్రాఫ్ లు సంబంధిత వాక్యాల సమూహాలు, ఇవి పూర్తి యూనిట్లను ఏర్పరుస్తాయి. అవి సాధారణంగా ప్రధాన ఆలోచనలు, ఒక వ్యాసం లేదా కథ అయి ఉంటాయి.; ప్రతి పేరాగ్రాఫ్ కు ఒక గుర్తింపు మరియు దాని స్వంత ఆలోచన ఉంటుంది. ఒక పేరాగ్రాఫ్ ఒక చిన్న వ్యాసం లాంటిది.

A paragraph is a series of sentences developing one topic. Three essential parts compose any paragraph: a topic sentence, supporting sentences and a  concluding sentence.

పేరాగ్రాఫ్ అనేది ఒక అంశాన్ని అభివృద్ధి చేసే వాక్యాల శ్రేణి. ఏదైనా పేరాగ్రాఫ్ రచించుటకు మూడు ముఖ్యమైన భాగాలు ఉండాలి. అవి వాక్యాంశం ,సహాయక వాక్యాలు మరియు ముగింపు వాక్యం.

Topic Sentence:
The topic of a paragraph is stated in one sentence and this is called a topic sentence. This sentence has to be precise and serves to limit the topic to one or two areas that will be discussed entirely in the space of one paragraph. A topic sentence may be developed by giving examples, by giving details, by telling an incident.

ప్రధానమైన అంశం:: ఒక పేరాగ్రాఫ్ లోని ప్రధానమైన విషయంను ఒక వాక్యంలో చెబుతారు మరియు దీనిని ప్రధానాంశంపు  వాక్యం (topic sentence) అంటారు. ఈ వాక్యం ఖచ్చితంగా ఉండి పేరాగ్రాఫ్ అంశాన్ని పూర్తిగా చర్చించడానికి ఉపయోగపడుతుంది. ఉదాహరణలు ఇవ్వడం, వివరాలు ఇవ్వడం, ఒక సంఘటనను చెప్పడం ద్వారా టాపిక్ వాక్యాన్ని అభివృద్ధి చేయవచ్చు.

Supporting sentences:
The sentences that develop the paragraph or explain the topic are called supporting sentences.

సహాయక వాక్యాలు: పేరాగ్రాఫ్ ను అభివృద్ధి చేసే లేదా అంశాన్ని వివరించే వాక్యాలను సహాయక వాక్యాలు అంటారు.

Concluding sentence:
Concluding sentence clinches the point made in the paragraph or it summarises the paragraph.

ముగింపు వాక్యం: ముగింపు వాక్యం పేరాగ్రాఫ్ లో పేర్కొన్న అంశాన్ని సంక్షిప్తంగా తెలుపుతుంది.

Characteristics of a Paragraph:
 * Unity- Completely based on main idea


 * Cohesion (Transitional signals -comparison with traffic signals, Punctuation, linkers, conjunctions, articles, pronouns)- it means that your paragraph is easy to read and understand because: your supporting sentences are in logical order & your ideas are connected by the use of a appropriate transition signals.


 * Completeness ( logical order, chronology, in relation to one another)


 * Seven Types of Paragraph Development :

·        పేరాగ్రాఫ్ యొక్క లక్షణాలు:


 * ·ఐక్యత- పూర్తిగా ప్రధాన ఆలోచనపై ఆధారపడి ఉంటుంది.


 * ·సమన్వయం (పరివర్తన సంకేతాలు -బయానక సంకేతాలు , విరామ చిహ్నాలు, లింకర్లు, కలయికలు, వ్యాసాలు, సర్వనామాలతో

పోల్చడం)- దీని అర్థం మీ పేరాగ్రాఫ్ చదవడం మరియు అర్థం చేసుకోవడం సులభం ఎందుకంటే: మీ సహాయక వాక్యాలు తార్కిక

క్రమంలో  ఉంటాయి మరియు తగిన పరివర్తన సంకేతాలను ఉపయోగించడం ద్వారా మీ ఆలోచనలు అనుసంధానించబడతాయి.


 * ·సంపూర్ణత ( తార్కిక క్రమం, కాలక్రమం, ఒక దానికొకటి సంబంధించి)


 * ·పేరాగ్రాఫ్ అభివృద్ధిలో ఏడు రకాలు.

1. Narration(కథనం)
Paragraphs written as a narration are a chronological presentation (కాలానుగుణ ప్రదర్శన )of events that add up to a story. Paragraphs of this type contain characters, setting, conflict (ఘర్షణ) and resolution (తీర్మానం).

2. Description (వర్ణించుట)
Descriptive type of paragraphs is written in such a way that the reader is able to imagine the scene, object, person, etc. Series of detailed observations are recorded, using sensory language. Descriptions are like narrative paragraphs, with visual characteristics unfolding in a dramatic way. The main objective of a description is to move the story ahead.

3. Definition (నిర్వచనము)
Definition type of paragraphs, provide the meaning, using events and happenings. A strong effort should be made to clearly explain what something is, and not what it is not.

4. Comparison (పోల్చడము)
The objective of paragraphs written in comparison style is to compare, two or more objects, characters, events etc. A chart can be prepared before writing a comparison paragraph. This chart could include the names of the items compared, and the criteria by which they are compared.

5. Persuasion(ప్రేరేపణ)
This type of paragraph is used in editorials సంపాదకీయాలు and columns. A direct approach is the best in writing a persuasive paragraph. The objective of a persuasive paragraph is to persuade people to change their minds, or take action. Persuasive paragraphs help people formulate an opinion and deepen it, by adding conviction (నమ్మకం).

6. Exposition( వివరణము/ వ్యాఖ్యానము)
Expository paragraphs are explanatory in nature. They could be an important part of a description or narration. Credibility should be added in an expository paragraph, by citing authorities that have good credentials. This type of paragraph could also be a justifier that explains why something is important.

7. Process analysis (విశ్లేషణ)
A process analysis paragraph describes how a process happens, through a series of actions. The actions are put in a sequence. These types of paragraphs are usually followed by illustration, as they help in understanding the process better.

Task: Read each of the paragraphs below. On the space provided indicate the topic and the writer’s purpose. Remember the purposes that people write are to inform, to entertain, and to persuade,

ప్రక్రియ విశ్లేషణ పేరాగ్రాఫ్ ఒక ప్రక్రియ ఎలా జరుగుతుందో వివరిస్తుంది, వరుస చర్యల ద్వారా. చర్యలను ఒక క్రమంలో పెడతారు. ఈ రకమైన పేరాగ్రాఫ్ లు సాధారణంగా ఉదాహరణతో వివరించబడి ప్రక్రియను బాగా అర్థం చేసుకోవడానికి సహాయపడతాయి.

కృత్యం: దిగువ ఇవ్వబడిన ప్రతి పేరాగ్రాఫను చదవండి, అంశాన్ని/టాపిక్ ని మరియు రచయిత ఉద్దేశాన్ని సూచించండి. వ్యక్తులు ఉద్దేశ్యాలు తెలియజేయడానికి, వినోదం కలిగించడానికి మరియు ఒప్పించడానికి రచనలు చేస్తారని  గుర్తుంచుకోండి,

a.           Littering is an unnecessary plight that affects all cities to some extent. It is one of the few city problems that could quickly, easily, and economically be corrected. Littering is the result of careless, uniformed, or uncaring individuals. Trash cans are visible and within easy access to citizens on virtually every street corner. People need to simply think before they toss. Think of the untarnished beauty that your streets could have if not inundated with unsightly litter. Think of the savings to government coffers that would not have to be allocated for cleaning up the mess. Think of the health and safety of your children that could play in the streets and parks without fear of illness, disease, or injury; litter is a potential source of these things. Think of the positive image that city visitors would have in such a pristine environment. Everyone can do his part easily to make their city one to be proud of: just think before you toss.

Topic( అంశం): ________________________________________

Purpose (లక్ష్యం): _________________________________________


 * 1) Scrabble is a word game that is fun and challenging     for young and old alike. It is easy to play. The only skill needed is the     ability to spell. The game consists of a game board about 36 centimeters     square. The board is divided into 215 squares, each square about two     centimeters by two centimeters. There are also 100 tiles, about two     centimeters square, with letters printed on them. Each tile also has a     number on it, which represents the numerical value for that tile. The     object of the game is to spell words, placing then either horizontally or     vertically on the board. The numerical value of the word is determined by     adding up all the numbers on the tiles used. Each player in turn makes a     word, using at least one of the letters already on the board. For added     excitement, some of the squares on the board are designated as double or     triple letter scores and double or triple word scores. These squares allow     the players to accumulate more points. The winner of the game is the     person with the highest score after all the tiles have been played. Try     playing Scrabble today; it’s not only fun, but educational!

Topic: _________________________________________________

Purpose: ______________________________________________


 * 1) Pigs are the cleanest of animals in spite of the bad     press they sometimes receive. Pigs prefer clean, cool areas to sleep in.     When they relieve themselves of bodily waste, they do it in one small area     of the pen, away from where they sleep and spend most of their time.     Although it is true that pigs wallow in the mud, they don’t do it because     they like dirt. Pigs have no sweat glands, so they roll around in mud to     keep cool. In addition to being clean animals, pigs are also intelligent.     Many animal experts consider pigs to be more trainable than dogs or cats.     The next time someone says that your house looks like a pigsty, take it as     a compliment, and thank them.

Topic: ________________________________________

Purpose: _________________________________


 * 1) Many people consider Leonardo de Vinci one of the     most brilliant people ever born. De Vinci was an Italian artist,     architect, and inventor during the 13th and 14th centuries. Two of de     Vince’s greatest paintings, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, have     survived down the ages and still inspire people today with their     unparalleled artistic beauty. Between 1485 and 1490 de Vinci designed many     buildings, ranging from churches to fortresses. An inventor well before     his time, de Vinci invented the parachute. He also designed numerous     devices for war and combat, including a submarine, a tank, numerous     weapons, and a helicopter 500 years before the airplane was invented.     Leonardo de Vinci, a great man whose works and achievements is still loved     and admired the world over even today.

Topic: ________________________________________________

Purpose: ______________________________________________


 * 1) Ocean and tidal waves offer a vast source of     untapped energy that both government and     industry need to exploit to benefit from its full potential. There are     numerous advantages to this source of power, when compared to fossil fuel     or nuclear generating plants. Once a power plant is built, the cost of     continued operation and maintenance is negligible. This source of power is     also renewable, unlike fossil fuels which generate much of the electrical     power used today. In addition, there is no pollution created from the     burning of fossils fuels, nor is there the danger associated with nuclear     power plants. Tidal and wave devices appear to have only a minimal impact     on the environment, and may even have a positive effect on coastal     erosion. Finally, the energy produced is reliable and predictable, unlike     the energy produced from wind power. Although research and development of     this form of energy is still in the infancy stage, it offers future     generations hope for a cheap, environmentally friendly source of     electrical power.

Topic: ____________________________________________

Purpose: __________________________________________

