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From Karnataka Open Educational Resources
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/index.php/DSERT_ಪಠ್ಯಪುಸ್ತಕ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ನೋಡಿ]
'''[[ICT@Schools]]
  −
Resource Book for Standard 8 '''
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
'''Director's
  −
Message '''
  −
 
  −
  −
Dear Friends,
  −
 
  −
  −
''Department of State Educational Research and Training''
  −
(DSERT), Karnataka in order to promote the effective use of
  −
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is providing high
  −
schools with ICT facilities under the [[ICT@Schools]]
  −
programme.
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
To facilitate effective integration of ICTs into teaching-learing, we
  −
have also developed a resource book for use by the teachers and
  −
students. This resource book has two parts - computer
  −
literacy skills and computer aided learning. The section on
  −
computer literacy introduces the learners to various aspects of the
  −
computer, the use of internet and different methods of creating
  −
documents in the form of in text documents and mind maps. The
  −
section on computer aided learning will discuss how computers can be
  −
used to integrate the learning of different subjects, namely,
  −
Mathematics, Science and Social Science by using relevant ICT tools
  −
and educational software.
     −
+
''Resource Book to learn Computer Literacy and Computer Aided Learning'''
  −
We have approached this exercise with two broad objectives of
  −
integrating the computer lab into the school education process and
  −
enabling the use of computer as a curricular resource. We have
  −
attempted to put together this resource book based on the
  −
recommendations of the National Curriculum Framework (2005). The
  −
textbook has received inputs from the high school teachers who
  −
participated in the Subject Teacher Forum programme of DSERT and
  −
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA).
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
The objective of the high school
  −
textbooks is to enable teachers and students to acquire a positive
  −
mindset about the use of computers for their learning and daily life
  −
and also develop a working knowledge of computers and the ways of
  −
using them to represent information. It
  −
is my hope that every teacher will be able to start using the
  −
computer lab in the schools effectively for their own growth and for
  −
the classroom teaching – learning processes. Please do share your
  −
experiences in using this book. Your feedback is welcome.
     −
+
=Introduction=
'''Sri Rama Rao,''' '''Director,
+
This resource book has two parts - computer literacy skills and computer aided learning. The section on computer literacy introduces the learners to various aspects of the computer, the use of internet and different methods of creating documents in the form of in text documents and mind maps. The section on computer aided learning will discuss how computers can be used to integrate the learning of different subjects, namely, Mathematics, Science and Social Science by using relevant ICT tools and educational software.
DSERT, Karnataka'''
      +
This exercise has  two broad objectives of integrating the computer lab into the school education process and enabling the use of computer as a curricular resource. We have attempted to put together this resource book based on the recommendations of the National Curriculum Framework (2005).
 
   
 
   
+
The objective of the high school textbooks is to enable teachers and students to acquire a positive mindset about the use of computers for their learning and daily life and also develop a working knowledge of computers and the ways of using them to represent information. It is my hope that every teacher will be able to start using the computer lab in the schools effectively for their own growth and for the classroom teaching – learning processes. Please do share your experiences in using this book. Your feedback is welcome.
'''Note
  −
from Public Software Centre, IT for Change'''
     −
+
The innovation in this book is the integration of ICT into the regular subject teaching-learning. The second section of the book explores some lessons from the mathematics, science and social science subjects that can be taught using the computer, thus integrating the computer as a pedagogical tool. This will help the subject teachers in the school integrate ICTs into their teaching-learning processes as well as use it for their own professional development.
Public Software Centre, IT for Change participated in the creation of
  −
ICT resource book for 8<sup>th</sup>
  −
standard students. The innovation in this book is the
  −
integration of ICT into the regular subject teacing-learning. The
  −
second section of the book explores some lessons from the
  −
mathematics, science and social science subjects that can be taught
  −
using the computer, thus integrating the computer as a pedagogical
  −
tool. This will help the subject teachers in the school integrate
  −
ICTs into their teaching-learning processes as well as use it for
  −
their own professional development.
      
   
 
   
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+
=How to use this book=
'''Bindu Thirumalai, Public Software Centre, IT for Change'''
+
Welcome to this resource book on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) !
 
  −
  −
'''Acknowledgement'''
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
DSERT,
  −
Karnataka would like to acknowledge the following individuals and
  −
groups for their contribution towards the creation of this book.
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
# Resource Book creating and editing team – Anupama Joshi, Bindu Thirumalai, Krittika Vishwanath and Ranjani Ranganathan from IT for Change.
  −
# The following individuals and organisations for their contribution towards the creation and review process.
  −
## DIET Faculty: Mr. Gopinath Kalbhag and Mr. Ashwin K.B.
  −
## DSERT E-Vidya Resource Group
  −
## American India Foundation
  −
## C-LAMPS
  −
## Intel and Learning Links,
  −
## Policy Planning Unit, Azim Premji Foundation
  −
## Subject Teacher Forum – State Resource Persons : Radha N A, Rajesh Y N, Shailaja H L, Tharanath Achar, Vishwanatha K V
  −
#
  −
# ICT Curriculum Committee for providing the framework and guidelines as well as reviewing the book.
  −
# We have used as references, sections from America India Foundation Textbook, Computer Masti Books First Edition -2008.
  −
# Regional Institute of English for developing modules on teaching of English language
  −
# Kannada translators for translation
  −
# Keonics for printing and publishing
  −
  −
 
  −
  −
'''How
  −
to use this book'''
  −
 
  −
  −
Welcome to this resource book on Information and Communication
  −
Technologies (ICTs) !
  −
 
   
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
ICTs are changing the way we do things, how we communicate and how we
 
ICTs are changing the way we do things, how we communicate and how we
 
learn. There are many areas of our society and work where we use
 
learn. There are many areas of our society and work where we use
ICTs in extensive ways. In your school, you now have a new computer
+
ICTs in extensive ways. This resource book is meant to introduce you to the ways
lab as part of the [[ICT@Schools]]
  −
programme. This resource book is meant to introduce you to the ways
   
and methods of working with ICTs, including how to use them for
 
and methods of working with ICTs, including how to use them for
 
exploring various subjects. This book is for the student to work
 
exploring various subjects. This book is for the student to work
Line 141: Line 38:  
require you to work with different teachers.
 
require you to work with different teachers.
   −
+
 
   
There are two sections in this book, '''Section 1: Computer Literacy'''
 
There are two sections in this book, '''Section 1: Computer Literacy'''
 
and '''Section 2: Computer Aided Learning'''.
 
and '''Section 2: Computer Aided Learning'''.
   −
   
   
 
   
 
'''Computer Literacy '''is
 
'''Computer Literacy '''is
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'''How is each chapter organised ?'''
+
=How is each chapter organised=
   −
   
Each chapter has the following sections
 
Each chapter has the following sections
  −
   
   
 
   
 
# '''Chapter objectives:''' which will tell you what you should know after working through the chapter.
 
# '''Chapter objectives:''' which will tell you what you should know after working through the chapter.
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|-
 
|-
 
|  
 
|  
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]  
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]  
 
|  
 
|  
 
When you see this icon, the
 
When you see this icon, the
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|-
 
|-
 
|  
 
|  
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg]]  
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]]  
 
|  
 
|  
 
This icon tells you that the
 
This icon tells you that the
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|-
 
|-
 
|  
 
|  
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg]]  
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]]  
 
|  
 
|  
 
This icon is asking you to think
 
This icon is asking you to think
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|-
 
|-
 
|  
 
|  
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg]]  
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]  
 
|  
 
|  
 
For many of the sections in this
 
For many of the sections in this
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'''Table
  −
of Contents'''
  −
  −
 
  −
1.[[Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) – The Computer]] 8
  −
   
   
 
   
Chapter
+
= 1.Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) – The Computer =
objective 8
  −
 
   
   
 
   
Introduction to
+
== Chapter objective ==
ICTs and computers 8
  −
 
   
   
 
   
History of
+
In
computers 9
+
this chapter, you will learn about
    
   
 
   
Uses of
+
# ICTs and Computers, in particular
computers 10
+
# History of Computers
 
+
# Uses of Computers
 +
# Classification of Computers
 +
# Hardware : Parts of a computer and system unit
 
   
 
   
Types of
+
== Introduction to ICTs and computers ==
computers 10
  −
 
   
   
 
   
The Hardware : The
+
You
parts of a computer 11
+
must have heard of radio programmes like Keli kali in your school.
 +
You can see that radio, televisions, telephones, mobile phones are
 +
being used by everyone in their daily lives. Television
 +
and radio are used for giving (broadcasting) '''information'''
 +
while telephones including mobile phones are used to
 +
talk to ('''communicate'''
 +
with) your friends and family even if they are far away. Now
 +
you can carry a phone in your pocket. All these are Information and
 +
Communication Technologies (ICTs) tools.
    
   
 
   
The System unit 12
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5c1fb147.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2672be64.gif]]
 
   
   
 
   
Chapter summary 12
      
   
 
   
Lab exercises 13
      
   
 
   
Exercises 13
      
   
 
   
Additional
+
In
resources 14
+
this chapter you will learn about computers, a new ICT tool. A
 
+
computer is a device which takes input, processes it and gives
+
output which can be stored and shared. When you enter
2.[[Software]] 15
+
data into your computer, it is called as input. An input can be data
 
+
like text or picture or an instruction(what
+
to do with the data). This data is
Chapter
+
processed (process means to perform a series of operations on a set
objectives 15
+
of data) and you will get the output. Data or information that the
 +
computer generates is called the output.
    
   
 
   
Computer
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1f9b3b92.png]]Suppose
Software 15
+
you want to add two numbers, 2 and 5. Any
 +
input has two parts, data and the instruction
 +
“2 + 5” is the input. The numbers 2 and 5 are
 +
called the 'data' and
 +
the '+' is called the instruction. A CPU (or a software to add the
 +
numbers) will do the addition, it is called the process. The answer
 +
“7” is the output or the result from the input and the process.
    
   
 
   
Types of
+
A
software 15
+
computer lets you to do many tasks like writing a letter, watching a
 +
educational film, playing games, listening to music and more. You can
 +
also look for information on the Internet.
    
   
 
   
What does an
+
== History of computers ==
Operating System do? 16
  −
 
   
   
 
   
Windows 7
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m21bc9239.png]]
operating system 17
+
''World's
 +
first computer''
   −
  −
Turning off your
  −
computer properly 18
     −
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_797aeff2.png]]
Ubuntu operating
+
''Punch
system 18
+
card''
   −
+
Did you
Managing files and
+
know, the first computer was as big as your classroom! 60 years ago,
folders 20
+
computers were very big, costly and used lot of electricity. The
 +
processors of the first computers were made using something called
 +
'vacuum tubes' -which used
 +
tubes in which electrons were moving. Punch cards were a input
 +
method. After the vacuum tubes, came the transistors which could turn
 +
electricity in a circuit “on” or “off”. This turning “on”
 +
and “off” could be used to instruct computers to do calculations.
    
   
 
   
Lab exercises 21
  −
   
   
 
   
Chapter summary 21
  −
   
   
 
   
Exercises 22
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_248b96c3.png]]
 +
''Integrated
 +
Circuit (IC)''
   −
+
During the
Additional
+
early 1970s, with the invention of Integrated circuits computers
resources 22
+
became faster,cheaper and smaller.
    
   
 
   
3.[[Text editing with word processor]] 23
+
Many
 +
transistors were connected together to form one IC. These
 +
computers had keyboard and monitor as input-output devices.(You will
 +
learn about input and output devices in the next chapter).
    
   
 
   
Chapter
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m67180220.png]]
objectives 23
+
''Microprocessor''
   −
+
Over the
Using MS Word to
+
last decade, the computers became so small that it could fit in a
create documents 24
+
hand. This was possible because of many integrated circuits on one
 +
small square called a microprocessor or a chip which became the main
 +
part of the computer. Mouse, an input device was developed. These
 +
small and powerful computers were connected together to share
 +
information between computers and this period saw the birth and
 +
growth of Internet (you will study in detail about Internet in one of
 +
the chapters).
    
   
 
   
Making changes to
+
Now-a-days, we see smart phones
the text 26
+
and tablets (which are small touch screen computers).
    
   
 
   
Formatting
+
== Uses of computers ==
characters and paragraphs 27
  −
 
   
   
 
   
Making changes to
+
Can
the text 31
+
you think of all the places where you have seen computers?
    
   
 
   
Formatting
+
Computers
characters and paragraphs 31
+
are used in many places like banks, schools, railway station,
 +
libraries, shopping complexes, and in various fields like education,
 +
communications, business, research, development and many more.
    
   
 
   
Making simple
+
== Types of computers ==
lists 32
  −
 
   
   
 
   
Typing in
+
Based
Kannada 32
+
on the processing power , storage capacity and cost, computers are
 +
classified as,
    
   
 
   
Summary 34
+
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m36a503f5.png]]
 
+
''Super Computers''  '''Supercomputers - T''''''he most powerful computers.'''''' They are used for highly complex problems like launching a rocket in the space or weather prediction. Supercomputers are used by universities and government agencies. '''
 
   
 
   
Exercises 34
      
   
 
   
Additional
  −
resources 34
      
   
 
   
4.[[Browsing the Internet]] 35
      
   
 
   
Chapter
+
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m7134f31.png]]
objectives 35
+
''Mainframe Computers''  '''Mainframe Computers - Usually slower, less powerful and cost less than supercomputers. They are used in large organizations, like banks and businesses.'''
 
   
   
 
   
The Internet 35
      
   
 
   
World Wide Web
  −
(WWW) 36
      
   
 
   
Web Browser 37
      
   
 
   
Lab exercises 38
+
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_366ca35c.png]]
 
+
''Personal Computers''  '''Microcomputers, or Personal Computers - The small and low cost computers. Microcomputers are more commonly known as personal computers (PC). Personal Computers are further classified as (a) Stationary (b) Mobile '''
 +
## '''Stationary personal computers are DesktopComputers '''
 +
## '''Mobile Personal Computers are '''
 +
### ''L[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m209f7f73.png]]
 +
aptop Computer''  '''Laptop'''''' - ''''''A laptop computer popularly called laptop, or notebook computer, is a small personal computer designed for carrying where ever we go.'''
 +
### Netbook – A Netbook is a small, light and low cost laptop computer.
 +
### [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m13a157ca.png]]
 +
''Tablet PC''  Tablet PC - A tablet PC is a notebook or slate-shaped mobile computer. It takes input from the monitor itself, without a separate keyboard. You can input data into the computer using a stylus (digital pen), or your finger. The monitor is called touch screen. Where else have you seen touch screen monitors ?
 +
##
 +
#
 
   
 
   
Visit the
+
== The Hardware : The parts of a computer ==
following websites 38
  −
 
   
   
 
   
Chapter summary 38
+
Have
 +
you seen a computer and its parts? Do you know what they are? Do you
 +
know what they do? If you already know – great! If you do not know,
 +
we will learn about computer parts in this chapter.
    
   
 
   
Exercises 39
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_42daba32.png]]A
 +
computer has many parts working together. The parts, which you can
 +
see and touch, are called hardware. Computer hardware is divided into
 +
four parts; system unit, input devices, output devices and storage
 +
media.
    
   
 
   
Additional
+
The
Resources 39
+
picture shows the common hardware in a computer. A laptop computer
 +
has similar parts but all as one single item.
    
   
 
   
5.[[Mind mapping]] 40
+
== The System unit ==
 
   
   
 
   
Mind mapping with
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_14d87000.png]]Have
Freemind 40
+
you seen something shaped like a big box? Usually
 
+
it is kept on or below the computer table. It will have a power
+
switch and a place called CD Drive to insert Compact Discs(CDs). It
Chapter
+
is the system
objectives 40
+
unit – the heart of a computer system. Inside this box are many
 +
electronic parts which do the actual work. The most important of
 +
these parts is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor,
 +
which acts as the &quot;brain&quot; of the computer. Another part is
 +
random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that
 +
the CPU uses while the computer is on. Ask
 +
your teacher to let you look at the back of the computer (never do
 +
this without permission, because there is a lot of dangerous
 +
electricity back there!). You will see lots of cables coming out of
 +
the back of the box and going to other computer parts. On the back or
 +
sometimes front of the case you will also see rectangular slots.
 +
These are called USB(Universal Serial Bus) ports. These are used to
 +
connect storage devices such as flash drives to your computer. You
 +
can also use a USB port to connect the computer to devices like a
 +
digital camera and mobile phones.
    
   
 
   
What is a mind
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m35004ab2.png]]In
map? 40
+
your school set up, you will see something smaller than the regular
 +
system unit. They are called thin clients. These units depends on the
 +
main computer in your lab, which is called a server. These thin
 +
clients are connected to the server through cables. All the
 +
information is stored on the server and many people can access them
 +
using thin clients, at the same time.
    
   
 
   
Lab exercises 41
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]]
 
+
   
 +
== Chapter summary ==
 
   
 
   
Chapter summary 44
+
# Television, radio, telephone, mobile phones, computers and Internet are ICT tools.
 
+
# A computer is a device which takes input, processes it and gives output which can be stored and shared.
 +
# A computer lets you to do most of your daily jobs like writing a letter, solving problems, watching a film, playing games, listening to music and looking for things on Internet.
 +
# Latest computers are touch screen (using finger tips or stylus) computers. They are also called tablet PCs and smart phones.
 +
# Hardware is the physical part of a computer that you can see and touch.
 
   
 
   
Exercises 45
+
== Lab exercises ==
 
   
   
 
   
Additional
+
'''Identify
resources 45
+
and list all the parts of a computer in your lab. '''
    
   
 
   
6.[[Learning geometry with GeoGebra]] 46
+
== Exercises ==
 
   
   
 
   
Chapter
+
'''Choose
objectives 46
+
the correct answer'''
    
   
 
   
How can we use
+
# The output can be
ICTs for learning mathematics? 46
+
#
 
+
# Latest computers use
 +
## Microprocessors 2. Transistors 3. Vacuum tubes
 +
#
 +
# A personal computer is also a
 +
## Supercomputer 2. Microcomputer 3. Mainframe computer
 +
#
 +
# What component of computer is considered the brain of a computer?
 +
## Output 2. CPU 3. Input 4. Memory
 +
#
 
   
 
   
What is GeoGebra
+
'''Say
? 46
+
True or False'''
    
   
 
   
Lab exercises 47
+
# ICT stand for Important Communication Technology.
 
+
# The first computer was made of Vacuum tubes.
 +
# A netbook is a personal computer.
 +
# Laptops are mainframes.
 +
# Computers can be used to learn and solve mathematics.
 +
# Hardware is the physical part of a computer that you can see and touch
 
   
 
   
Chapter summary 55
+
'''Activity'''
    
   
 
   
Exercises 56
+
Some of the uses of computers in
 +
education is given below. Think of more uses and complete the table.
   −
+
                   
Additional
+
{| border="1"
resources 58
+
|-
 +
|
 +
Uses for students
    
   
 
   
7.[[Science and technology]] 59
+
|
 +
Uses for teachers
    
   
 
   
Chapter
+
|
objectives 59
+
Uses for school management
    
   
 
   
Science and
+
|-
technology 59
+
|
 +
Research on any information
    
   
 
   
What are computer
+
|
simulations? 61
+
As a teaching aid in the form of
 +
presentations
    
   
 
   
Chapter summary 63
+
|
 +
Record keeping
    
   
 
   
Exercises 64
+
|-
 +
|
 +
Create presentations of the projects
 +
they have to work on
    
   
 
   
Additional
+
|
resources 64
+
Create worksheets
    
   
 
   
8.[[Social science]] 65
+
|
 +
Timetable
    
   
 
   
History 65
+
|} 
 
+
== Additional resources ==
 
   
 
   
Political science
+
# Learn more about the history of computers '''[[http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History.htm]]'''  '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware]]'''
67
+
# '''Learn more about computer classification'''  '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_computers]]'''
 
   
   
 
   
Geography 69
+
= 2.Software =
 
   
   
 
   
Exercises 72
+
== Chapter objectives ==
 
   
   
 
   
Additional
+
In
exercises 73
+
this chapter you will learn about,
    
   
 
   
Additional
+
# Different types of software
resources 73
+
# Operating System and its features
 
+
# Graphical User Interface
 
+
# Windows 7 and Ubuntu GNU/Linux Operating system
 +
# The Desktop
 +
# Files and Folders
 
   
 
   
= 1.Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) – The Computer =
+
== Computer Software ==
 
   
 
   
== Chapter objective ==
+
By
+
now, you have understood that a computer can be used to do a lot of
In
+
things. So, what do you do when you want to paint, write an essay, or
this chapter, you will learn about
+
listen to music on a computer? Can you do all these things when you
 +
just have the computer hardware? No, you cannot. To make the computer
 +
do what you want there must be a '''computer programme. '''A
 +
computer programme also termed as software, is a set of instructions
 +
that tells a computer what to do. This is separate from the hardware
 +
and it is the most important aspect of the computer which allows it
 +
to do many different tasks.
    
   
 
   
# ICTs and Computers, in particular
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m17dc4b9f.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]]
# History of Computers
  −
# Uses of Computers
  −
# Classification of Computers
  −
# Hardware : Parts of a computer and system unit
  −
  −
== Introduction to ICTs and computers ==
   
   
 
   
You
+
Software
must have heard of radio programmes like Keli kali in your school.
+
needs hardware to work on and a hardware is useless without
You can see that radio, televisions, telephones, mobile phones are
+
software. So computer must have both hardware and software.
being used by everyone in their daily lives. Television
  −
and radio are used for giving (broadcasting) '''information'''
  −
while telephones including mobile phones are used to
  −
talk to ('''communicate'''
  −
with) your friends and family even if they are far away. Now
  −
you can carry a phone in your pocket. All these are Information and
  −
Communication Technologies (ICTs) tools.
     −
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5c1fb147.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2672be64.gif]]
  −
  −
  −
      +
 
 +
== Types of software ==
 
   
 
   
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2f3437be.png]]A
 +
computer should know what to do when you switch on the computer, move
 +
the mouse or press a key on the keyboard. However, a computer can
 +
only understand 0s and 1s, and you cannot talk or understand that
 +
language. To explain our instructions to the computer we need a
 +
special computer programme which is called the '''Operating system.'''
 +
Operating system is also called system software as it works with the
 +
hardware. Every computer must have an operating system to run other
 +
computer programmes . Even your mobile phones will have an operating
 +
system. Operating systems start automatically when you turn on the
 +
computer. This process is called '''booting.''' All the other
 +
computer programmes like programmes to paint, type, listen to music,
 +
learn maths etc., are called '''Application Software''' or 'Apps'
 +
which work with the system software. People who write programmes are
 +
called computer programmers or software developers. On any computer
 +
you will have software to paint, to type letters, to watch movies, to
 +
find something on the Internet, to learn maths.
    
   
 
   
In
+
== What does an  Operating System do? ==
this chapter you will learn about computers, a new ICT tool. A
+
computer is a device which takes input, processes it and gives
+
# It checks if the hardware is working properly.
output which can be stored and shared. When you enter
+
# It translates your language into computer language, by reading input from keyboard/mouse and sending the output to the monitor.
data into your computer, it is called as input. An input can be data
+
# It allows you to access and modify files, use printers and disk drives, and run applications.
like text or picture or an instruction(what
+
to do with the data). This data is
+
processed (process means to perform a series of operations on a set
+
'''How does the Operating
of data) and you will get the output. Data or information that the
+
Systems enable you to use the computer?'''
computer generates is called the output.
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1f9b3b92.png]]Suppose
+
Operating systems use a program
you want to add two numbers, 2 and 5. Any
+
called the Graphical user interface (GUI, pronounced as goo-ee), .  
input has two parts, data and the instruction
+
It allows you to access other computer programmes (applications) by
“2 + 5” is the input. The numbers 2 and 5 are
+
using a mouse. '''
called the 'data' and
+
The popular operating systems are Windows, GNU/Linux and Mac OSx. In
the '+' is called the instruction. A CPU (or a software to add the
+
this chapter, you will learn about Windows 7 operating system and
numbers) will do the addition, it is called the process. The answer
+
GNU/Linux operating system called Ubuntu.'''
“7” is the output or the result from the input and the process.
  −
 
  −
  −
A
  −
computer lets you to do many tasks like writing a letter, watching a
  −
educational film, playing games, listening to music and more. You can
  −
also look for information on the Internet.
      
   
 
   
== History of computers ==
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]]
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m21bc9239.png]]
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_642f2b43.gif]]  
''World's
+
'''Why
first computer''
+
are you learning both Windows and Ubuntu GNU/Linux Operating
 +
system?'''
      −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_797aeff2.png]]
  −
''Punch
  −
card''
     −
Did you
+
It is useful to learn at least two operating systems to develop a
know, the first computer was as big as your classroom! 60 years ago,
+
general understanding of how operating systems work. Microsoft
computers were very big, costly and used lot of electricity. The
+
Windows, made by a company called Microsoft is a popular operating
processors of the first computers were made using something called
+
system . It is a proprietary OS, each user has to individually
'vacuum tubes' -which used
+
purchase a licence to use it. The Ubuntu GNU/Linux OS is free
tubes in which electrons were moving. Punch cards were a input
+
(mukta) software, which is free to use, share and modify. Ubuntu is
method. After the vacuum tubes, came the transistors which could turn
+
becoming increasingly popular.
electricity in a circuit “on” or “off”. This turning “on”
+
 
and “off” could be used to instruct computers to do calculations.
+
 
    
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_248b96c3.png]]
+
''Integrated
+
Circuit (IC)''
+
 +
 +
Before you learn more about
 +
Operating systems, you should know that one computer can have more
 +
than one operating systems. You can use one at a time. In your
 +
computer, you will see both Windows 7 and U[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m45162d1.png]]buntu
 +
Operating system. You can choose any one at the start up. You will
 +
see a list like this when you turn on the computer.
   −
During the
+
early 1970s, with the invention of Integrated circuits computers
+
Choose the first option if you
became faster,cheaper and smaller.
+
want to use Ubuntu and the last option which says Windows 7 (loader)
 +
if you want to use Windows 7.
    
   
 
   
Many
+
transistors were connected together to form one IC. These
+
== Windows 7 operating system ==
computers had keyboard and monitor as input-output devices.(You will
+
learn about input and output devices in the next chapter).
+
Once you select Windows 7
 +
operating system, you will see a welcome screen which looks like
 +
this.
    
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m67180220.png]]
+
I[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_md6ddf5e.png]]t
''Microprocessor''
+
displays a list of all users on the computer. You can click your user
 
+
name instead of typing it. You will have to enter the password to log
Over the
+
in. Login is a process that allows you to start using the computer
last decade, the computers became so small that it could fit in a
+
once you type the correct password.
hand. This was possible because of many integrated circuits on one
  −
small square called a microprocessor or a chip which became the main
  −
part of the computer. Mouse, an input device was developed. These
  −
small and powerful computers were connected together to share
  −
information between computers and this period saw the birth and
  −
growth of Internet (you will study in detail about Internet in one of
  −
the chapters).
      
   
 
   
Now-a-days, we see smart phones
+
and tablets (which are small touch screen computers).
+
The desktop is the main screen
 +
area that you see after logging on to Windows. When you open programs
 +
or folders, they appear on the desktop. You can put files and folders
 +
on the desktop, and arrange them however you want.
    
   
 
   
== Uses of computers ==
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6a3a7dc1.gif]]
+
'''Why should you
Can
+
log in?'''
you think of all the places where you have seen computers?
+
 
 +
 
 +
Logging in
 +
prevents unauthorised people from using your computer which keeps
 +
your data secure.
    +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]]
 
   
 
   
Computers
  −
are used in many places like banks, schools, railway station,
  −
libraries, shopping complexes, and in various fields like education,
  −
communications, business, research, development and many more.
     −
+
 
== Types of computers ==
+
T[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2097363d.png]]here
+
is a taskbar at the bottom of your screen. It shows you which
Based
+
programs are running and allows you to go from one program to
on the processing power , storage capacity and cost, computers are
+
another. It also contains the Start button
classified as,
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2e9987e2.png]],
 +
which you can use to access programs, folders, and computer settings.
 +
Clicking on the start button, opens a start menu. It's called a menu
 +
because it provides a list of choices, just as a restaurant menu
 +
does. And as start implies, it's often the place that you'll go to
 +
start or open things. You can Use the Start menu to do these common
 +
activities:
    
   
 
   
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m36a503f5.png]]
+
* Start programs[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m54e6db7d.png]]
''Super Computers''  '''Supercomputers - T''''''he most powerful computers.'''''' They are used for highly complex problems like launching a rocket in the space or weather prediction. Supercomputers are used by universities and government agencies. '''
+
* Open commonly used folders
 +
* Search for files, folders, and programs
 +
* Adjust computer settings
 +
* Get help on the Windows operating system
 +
* Turn off the computer or log off from Windows
 
   
 
   
 
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
 
   
 
   
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m763e1644.gif]]
 +
Windows
 +
Help and Support is the built-in help system for Windows.
 +
It's a place to get quick answers to common questions, suggestions
 +
for troubleshooting, and instructions for how to do things. To open
 +
Windows
 +
Help and Support, click the Start
 +
button, and then click Help
 +
and Support.
   −
     −
  −
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m7134f31.png]]
  −
''Mainframe Computers''  '''Mainframe Computers - Usually slower, less powerful and cost less than supercomputers. They are used in large organizations, like banks and businesses.'''
   
   
 
   
    
   
 
   
 
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6f8f9fba.png]]
 
   
 
   
 +
On
 +
the desktop, you will see icons. Icons are small pictures that
 +
represent files, folders, programs, and other items. Double-clicking
 +
a desktop icon starts or opens the item it represents.
    
   
 
   
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_366ca35c.png]]
  −
''Personal Computers''  '''Microcomputers, or Personal Computers - The small and low cost computers. Microcomputers are more commonly known as personal computers (PC). Personal Computers are further classified as (a) Stationary (b) Mobile '''
  −
## '''Stationary personal computers are DesktopComputers '''
  −
## '''Mobile Personal Computers are '''
  −
### ''L[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m209f7f73.png]]
  −
aptop Computer''  '''Laptop'''''' - ''''''A laptop computer popularly called laptop, or notebook computer, is a small personal computer designed for carrying where ever we go.'''
  −
### Netbook – A Netbook is a small, light and low cost laptop computer.
  −
### [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m13a157ca.png]]
  −
''Tablet PC''  Tablet PC - A tablet PC is a notebook or slate-shaped mobile computer. It takes input from the monitor itself, without a separate keyboard. You can input data into the computer using a stylus (digital pen), or your finger. The monitor is called touch screen. Where else have you seen touch screen monitors ?
  −
##
  −
#
   
   
 
   
== The Hardware : The parts of a computer ==
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2de596e4.gif]]
 +
'''The Recycle Bin'''
 +
 
 +
 
 +
When
 +
you delete a file or folder, it doesn't actually get deleted right
 +
away—it
 +
goes to the Recycle Bin. That's a good thing, because if you ever
 +
change your mind and decide you need a deleted file, you can get it
 +
back. If you're sure that you won't need the deleted items again,
 +
you can empty the Recycle Bin. Doing that will permanently delete
 +
the items
 +
 
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
 
   
 
   
Have
  −
you seen a computer and its parts? Do you know what they are? Do you
  −
know what they do? If you already know – great! If you do not know,
  −
we will learn about computer parts in this chapter.
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_42daba32.png]]A
  −
computer has many parts working together. The parts, which you can
  −
see and touch, are called hardware. Computer hardware is divided into
  −
four parts; system unit, input devices, output devices and storage
  −
media.
     −
   
+
 
The
+
== Turning off your computer properly ==
picture shows the common hardware in a computer. A laptop computer
+
   
has similar parts but all as one single item.
+
When you're finished using your
 +
computer, it's important to turn it off properly. It saves energy,
 +
helps keep your computer secure and to ensure that your data is
 +
saved.
    
   
 
   
== The System unit ==
+
T[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m7342ad06.png]]o
 +
turn off your computer using the Start menu, click the Start
 +
button, and then, in the lower-right corner of the Start menu, click
 +
Shut
 +
down.
 +
 
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_14d87000.png]]Have
  −
you seen something shaped like a big box? Usually
  −
it is kept on or below the computer table. It will have a power
  −
switch and a place called CD Drive to insert Compact Discs(CDs). It
  −
is the system
  −
unit – the heart of a computer system. Inside this box are many
  −
electronic parts which do the actual work. The most important of
  −
these parts is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor,
  −
which acts as the &quot;brain&quot; of the computer. Another part is
  −
random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that
  −
the CPU uses while the computer is on. Ask
  −
your teacher to let you look at the back of the computer (never do
  −
this without permission, because there is a lot of dangerous
  −
electricity back there!). You will see lots of cables coming out of
  −
the back of the box and going to other computer parts. On the back or
  −
sometimes front of the case you will also see rectangular slots.
  −
These are called USB(Universal Serial Bus) ports. These are used to
  −
connect storage devices such as flash drives to your computer. You
  −
can also use a USB port to connect the computer to devices like a
  −
digital camera and mobile phones.
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m35004ab2.png]]In
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_151ccc4c.png]]
your school set up, you will see something smaller than the regular
+
system unit. They are called thin clients. These units depends on the
+
== Ubuntu operating system ==
main computer in your lab, which is called a server. These thin
+
clients are connected to the server through cables. All the
+
If you choose Ubuntu at the
information is stored on the server and many people can access them
+
start up, you will see a login screen screen as shown in the picture.
using thin clients, at the same time.
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg]]
  −
   
  −
== Chapter summary ==
   
   
 
   
# Television, radio, telephone, mobile phones, computers and Internet are ICT tools.
+
'''Logging in :'''
# A computer is a device which takes input, processes it and gives output which can be stored and shared.
+
 
# A computer lets you to do most of your daily jobs like writing a letter, solving problems, watching a film, playing games, listening to music and looking for things on Internet.
+
# Latest computers are touch screen (using finger tips or stylus) computers. They are also called tablet PCs and smart phones.
+
Select your username, and type your password the desktop will appear.
# Hardware is the physical part of a computer that you can see and touch.
   
   
 
   
== Lab exercises ==
   
   
 
   
'''Identify
+
'''The Desktop '''
and list all the parts of a computer in your lab. '''
      
   
 
   
== Exercises ==
+
On a desktop, you will see icons (if any), windows (if any programme is being used) and menus.
 
   
 
   
'''Choose
+
'''Panels '''
the correct answer'''
      
   
 
   
# The output can be
+
Two panels are visible —one at the top of the screen, and one at
#
+
the bottom. The one at the top has icons and menus. The panel at the
# Latest computers use
+
bottom is where you'll see all the programmes running, and this panel
## Microprocessors 2. Transistors 3. Vacuum tubes
+
also has some buttons like a trash icon (right).
#
+
 
# A personal computer is also a
  −
## Supercomputer 2. Microcomputer 3. Mainframe computer
  −
#
  −
# What component of computer is considered the brain of a computer?
  −
## Output 2. CPU 3. Input 4. Memory
  −
#
   
   
 
   
'''Say
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_mb10d114.png]]
True or False'''
+
'''Menus '''
    
   
 
   
# ICT stand for Important Communication Technology.
+
The three menus at the top of
# The first computer was made of Vacuum tubes.
+
the screen (Applications, Places, System) are known as the main
# A netbook is a personal computer.
+
menus. They stay on-screen all the time.
# Laptops are mainframes.
+
 
# Computers can be used to learn and solve mathematics.
  −
# Hardware is the physical part of a computer that you can see and touch
   
   
 
   
'''Activity'''
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_24cd2a40.png]]
 +
The '''Applications menu''' at
 +
the top left has a list of all the programmes (apps) on your
 +
computer.
    
   
 
   
Some of the uses of computers in
+
education is given below. Think of more uses and complete the table.
+
The '''Places menu''', next to
 
+
it, lets you access the hard disk, CD/DVD or pen drives. Digital
                   
+
cameras and MP3 players are also listed here when plugged-in.
{| border="1"
  −
|-
  −
|
  −
Uses for students
      
   
 
   
|
  −
Uses for teachers
  −
   
   
 
   
|
+
The System menu, next to the
Uses for school management
+
Places menu, lets you control your computer’s settings, eg.,
 +
setting time &amp; date, changing mouse buttons if you are a left
 +
handed person etc. It has two sub-menus, as follows:
    
   
 
   
|-
+
'''''Preferences''''': This
|
+
menu lets you to make your computer look and work as you want or
Research on any information
+
prefer. For example, you can change your desktop picture to the photo
 +
of your school or your sports team. Select System &gt; Preferences &gt;
 +
Appearances
    
   
 
   
|
+
'''''Administration'''''''':'''
As a teaching aid in the form of
+
This menu lets you change hardware settings, such as altering the
presentations
+
time/date, and adding/removing software.
    
   
 
   
|
  −
Record keeping
  −
   
   
 
   
|-
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1fd90b6e.png]]'''Shutting
|
+
down the computer'''
Create presentations of the projects
  −
they have to work on
      
   
 
   
|
+
What will you do after you have
Create worksheets
+
finished your work? You have to turn off the computer. You must turn
 +
it off by clicking on the last button on the right hand top corner
 +
and select shutdown. .
    
   
 
   
|  
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m78d678c4.gif]]
Timetable
+
Never turn off the
 +
power button without shutting the computer properly
 +
 
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
    +
== Managing files and folders ==
 
   
 
   
|} 
+
When
== Additional resources ==
+
you write an essay or paint something on a paper, you would like to
 +
keep it for future, right? You would probably put it in a hard bound
 +
folder. May be, if you have more than one essay or painting, you
 +
would have one folder to hold your essays and one folder to hold your
 +
paintings.
 +
 
 
   
 
   
# Learn more about the history of computers '''[[http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History.htm]]'''   '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware]]'''
+
What
# '''Learn more about computer classification'''   '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_computers]]'''
+
would you do when you do the same things on a computer? Can you store
 +
it as you would do with the paper ? Yes,of course. You can store all
 +
that you have done on a computer as a '''file'''. Every programme,
 +
image, video, song, and document is stored as a file. And similar
 +
files can be put in a '''folder. ''' Folders can also store other
 +
folders called sub-folders. Folders are also called &quot;directories&quot;
 +
Do you know where the files and folders are kept in a computer? They
 +
are stored on a disk (remember your hardware chapter where you learnt
 +
about hard disk, pen drives, CDs).
 +
 
 
   
 
   
= 2.Software =
+
To manage all the files and
 +
folders that you make, we need a '''file manager''' (also called as
 +
file browser). A file manager or file browser is a computer programme
 +
that provides a user interface to work with files. Windows uses a
 +
file manager called the Windows explorer and Ubuntu uses a file
 +
manager/browser called Nautilus. File browser is used to
 +
 
 
   
 
   
== Chapter objectives ==
+
* [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6f72a7.png]]Create folders and documents
 +
* Display your files and folders
 
   
 
   
In
+
* Search and manage your files
this chapter you will learn about,
  −
 
   
   
 
   
# Different types of software
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c746de.png]]This
# Operating System and its features
+
file manager lets you organize your files into folders. Folders can
# Graphical User Interface
+
contain files and may also contain other folders. Using folders can
# Windows 7 and Ubuntu GNU/Linux Operating system
+
help you find your files more easily. You can also copy or move files
# The Desktop
+
from one folder to another, create new folders, delete unwanted
# Files and Folders
+
folders, give new names to the files and folders etc, using the file
 +
browser.
 +
 
 
   
 
   
== Computer Software ==
+
For
+
any operating system, many things are files, such as documents,
By
+
photos, movies, and music.
now, you have understood that a computer can be used to do a lot of
  −
things. So, what do you do when you want to paint, write an essay, or
  −
listen to music on a computer? Can you do all these things when you
  −
just have the computer hardware? No, you cannot. To make the computer
  −
do what you want there must be a '''computer programme. '''A
  −
computer programme also termed as software, is a set of instructions
  −
that tells a computer what to do. This is separate from the hardware
  −
and it is the most important aspect of the computer which allows it
  −
to do many different tasks.
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m17dc4b9f.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg]]
+
== Lab exercises ==
 
   
 
   
Software
+
Do
needs hardware to work on and a hardware is useless without
+
the following exercises first in Windows and then in Ubuntu Operating
software. So computer must have both hardware and software.
+
system
   −
  −
 
  −
== Types of software ==
   
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2f3437be.png]]A
+
# Log in to a computer (Take teachers help for username and password)
computer should know what to do when you switch on the computer, move
+
# Open a programme called 'Calculator'.
the mouse or press a key on the keyboard. However, a computer can
+
# Add any two numbers.
only understand 0s and 1s, and you cannot talk or understand that
+
# Close the programme (you'll have to click on the X button on the right hand top corner of the calculator).
language. To explain our instructions to the computer we need a
+
# What is the difference between log off and shut-down functions ?
special computer programme which is called the '''Operating system.'''
+
Operating system is also called system software as it works with the
+
== Chapter summary ==
hardware. Every computer must have an operating system to run other
  −
computer programmes . Even your mobile phones will have an operating
  −
system. Operating systems start automatically when you turn on the
  −
computer. This process is called '''booting.''' All the other
  −
computer programmes like programmes to paint, type, listen to music,
  −
learn maths etc., are called '''Application Software''' or 'Apps'
  −
which work with the system software. People who write programmes are
  −
called computer programmers or software developers. On any computer
  −
you will have software to paint, to type letters, to watch movies, to
  −
find something on the Internet, to learn maths.
  −
 
   
   
 
   
== What does an  Operating System do? ==
+
# A computer programme tells a computer what to do and how to do it. A computer programme is also called software'''.'''
 +
# Operating System and Application software are two types of software.
 +
# Operating system is a special computer programme which is required in all computers to explain our instructions to it.
 +
# Operating Systems make computers user friendly or easy to use by using a programme called graphical user interface (GUI).
 +
# Windows 7 is a GUI based operating system
 +
# On a Windows 7 Desktop, you will see a start menu at the bottom on the taskbar, and some icons on the desktop.
 +
# Ubuntu is a GNU/Linux Operating system.
 +
# On a Ubuntu Desktop, you will see top panel (which has icons and menus), bottom panel (which has a trash bin), and windows, if any programmes are running.
 +
# You have to login to a computer to use it and shut down properly after use.
 +
# Every programme, image, video, song, and document is stored as a file. And similar files can be put in a folder.
 +
# File browser is used to create folders and documents, display your files and folders, search and manage your files.
 
   
 
   
# It checks if the hardware is working properly.
+
== Exercises ==
# It translates your language into computer language, by reading input from keyboard/mouse and sending the output to the monitor.
+
# It allows you to access and modify files, use printers and disk drives, and run applications.
+
Choose
 +
the correct answer
 +
 
 
   
 
   
 +
# A computer programme is also called
 +
## Desktop ii. Software iii. Hardware
 +
#
 +
# The most important programme on any computer is
 +
## Applications ii. File manager iii. Operating System
 +
#
 +
# GUI stands for
 +
## Good user interface ii. Graphical user interface iii. Great user interface
 +
#
 +
# Which of the following is an Operating system?
 +
## GNU/Linux ii. Calculator iii. Text Editor
 +
#
 
   
 
   
'''How does the Operating
+
Say
Systems enable you to use the computer?'''
+
True or False
    
   
 
   
Operating systems use a program
+
# Operating system make computers user-friendly.
called the Graphical user interface (GUI, pronounced as goo-ee), .  
+
# To shut down the computer, press the power off switch.
It allows you to access other computer programmes (applications) by
+
# The programme which can understand what you want to do and tells it to the computer is called the application software.
using a mouse. '''
+
# A folder is also called a directory.
The popular operating systems are Windows, GNU/Linux and Mac OSx. In
+
# File manager in Ubuntu is called Explorer.
this chapter, you will learn about Windows 7 operating system and
  −
GNU/Linux operating system called Ubuntu.'''
  −
 
   
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg]]
+
== Additional resources ==
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_642f2b43.gif]]  
+
<u>[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system]]</u>
'''Why
  −
are you learning both Windows and Ubuntu GNU/Linux Operating
  −
system?'''
      +
 +
<u>[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program]]</u>
    +
 +
<u>[[http://parenting.kaboose.com/education-and-learning/learning-resources/comp-les7.html]]</u>
   −
It is useful to learn at least two operating systems to develop a
+
general understanding of how operating systems work. Microsoft
+
<u>[[www.top-]]</u><u>[[windows]]</u><u>[[-]]</u><u>[[tutorials]]</u><u>[[.com/]]</u><u>[[windows]]</u><u>[[-]]</u><u>[[7]]</u><u>[[.html]]</u>
Windows, made by a company called Microsoft is a popular operating
  −
system . It is a proprietary OS, each user has to individually
  −
purchase a licence to use it. The Ubuntu GNU/Linux OS is free
  −
(mukta) software, which is free to use, share and modify. Ubuntu is
  −
becoming increasingly popular.
      +
 +
<u>[[http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/help/getting-started]]</u>
    +
 +
<u>[[http://www.ubuntu.com]]</u>
    +
= 3.Text editing with text editor =
 +
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/images/c/c1/3._Using_a_text_editor.odt Download '''Using a text editor''']
 +
== Chapter objectives ==
 +
At the end of this chapter, you will learn about
 +
 +
* Word processors
 +
* Different types of text editor (also called word processors)
 +
* Using word processor like LibreOffice Writer
 +
* Text editing and formatting
 
   
 
   
 +
'''Word processors'''
 +
If you want to write a letter to your friend, a story or school work in a computer, what would you do or where would you type them? A software application called the '''word processor''' would do that. A word processor is a software used for creating (including writing, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) documents. This software lets you to create a document, store it on the disk, show it on a screen, make changes to it using the keyboard and print it on a printer.
 +
 +
 +
'''What can the word processors do?'''
 +
* '''Insert text:''' It allows you to insert text anywhere in the document.
 +
* '''Delete text:''' It allows you to erase characters, words, lines, or pages as easily as you can cross them out on paper.
 +
* '''Cut''' and''' paste :''' It allows you to remove (''cut'') a section of text from one place in a document and insert (''paste'') it somewhere else.
 +
* '''Copy''' ''':''' It allows you to duplicate a section of text.
 +
* '''Page size and margins :''' It allows you to define various page sizes and margins, and the word processor will automatically readjust the text so that it fits.
 +
* '''Search and replace''' ''':''' It allows you to search for a particular word or phrase. You can also replace one group of characters with another anywhere that the first group appears.
 +
* '''Word wrap''' ''':''' The word processor automatically moves to the next line when you have filled one line with text, and it will readjust text if you change the margins.
 +
* '''Print:''' It allows you to send a document to a printer to get print out.
 
   
 
   
 +
* '''Font specifications:''' It allows you to change fonts. (A font is how a character, alphabet or symbol appears on the screen. Different fonts are available for typing different styles). For example, you can make the text in your document bold (dark), italics (slant) and underlining. You can also increase or decrease the size of the text.
 +
* '''Graphics:''' It allows you to insert pictures and graphs into a document.
 +
* '''Layout''' ''':''' It allows you to specify how a page will look including setting margins, page size within a single document.
 +
* '''Headers, footers, and page numbering:''' It allows you to put headers and footers that the word processor will put at the top and bottom of every page. The word processor automatically keeps track of page numbers so that the correct number appears on each page.
 +
* '''Spell checker''' ''':''' It is a program that allows you to check the spelling of words. It will highlight any words that it does not recognise.
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
 +
'''List of some popular word processors'''
 +
# LibreOffice Writer
 +
# OpenOffice.org writer
 +
# Microsoft Word
 +
# Web-based word processors (Google Docs)
 
   
 
   
 +
You will learn how to use LibreOffice Writer on Ubuntu. LibreOffice works on Ubuntu GNU/Linux, Mac and Windows operating systems while Microsoft Word works only on Microsoft Windows. LibreOffice is a public software and can be freely shared without licence restrictions or payment of licence fees. Microsoft
 +
Word is proprietary software and can be got by paying licence fees per user.
 +
[[microsoft word]]
 +
== Using LibreOffice to create documents ==
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m68195161.png|600px]] <br>
 +
''LibreOffice''<br>
 +
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_55d56d98.gif]]<br>
 +
You will have to log into Ubuntu operating system to use LibreOffice Writer. <br>
 +
To start LibreOffice, you have to click '''Applications → Office → LibreOffice Writer.''' You will see a window like the one in the picture. There will be a blank page and a cursor where you can start typing. Note that everything that you dp using Microsoft Word can be done using LibreOffice too.<br>
 +
 +
Type a paragraph using LibreOffice. The functions that you may be using in Microsoft office will be discussed in LibreOffice.<br>
 
   
 
   
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1794ed9a.png]]<br>
Before you learn more about
+
''Saving the file''<br>
Operating systems, you should know that one computer can have more
+
 
than one operating systems. You can use one at a time. In your
+
Type the paragraph. Save the file by clicking on 'File' menu and selecting 'Save' option as shown in the picture. Type the file name in the dialog
computer, you will see both Windows 7 and U[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m45162d1.png]]buntu
+
box that shows up as 'My School' and click on the 'Save' button.
Operating system. You can choose any one at the start up. You will
+
 
see a list like this when you turn on the computer.
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_51b656ce.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m420b1293.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]]
    +
== Making changes to the text ==
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_ma2ed312.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_58749c8f.gif]]
 +
Inserting, deleting and selecting text is done exactly the same way as it is done in Microsoft Word.
 
   
 
   
Choose the first option if you
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1613e29b.png]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m12f0f039.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_75cbe56b.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_30986aae.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_44feca9d.gif]]
want to use Ubuntu and the last option which says Windows 7 (loader)
  −
if you want to use Windows 7.
  −
 
   
   
 
   
 +
'''Copying text'''
 +
Select the text you want to copy and click on 'Edit' menu and select 'Copy'. You can also copy text by clicking on copy button or by using the keyboard shortcut CTRL and C.
 
   
 
   
== Windows 7 operating system ==
+
'''Cutting text'''
 +
Select the text you want to cut and click on 'Edit' menu and select 'Cut'. You can also cut text by clicking on cut button, or by using the the keyboard shortcut CTRL and X.
 
   
 
   
Once you select Windows 7
+
'''Pasting text'''
operating system, you will see a welcome screen which looks like
+
Click on 'Edit' and select 'Paste' menu. You can also paste copied or cut text by clicking on the paste button or by using the keyboard shortcut CTRL and V.
this.
  −
 
   
   
 
   
I[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_md6ddf5e.png]]t
+
== Formatting characters and paragraphs ==
displays a list of all users on the computer. You can click your user
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2b451a81.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m580ce8f5.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6aa7ccf7.gif]]
name instead of typing it. You will have to enter the password to log
  −
in. Login is a process that allows you to start using the computer
  −
once you type the correct password.
  −
 
   
   
 
   
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m4597452e.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5af18342.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_8447139.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m4fb7f678.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_43b923cd.gif]]
 
   
 
   
The desktop is the main screen
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m267839c6.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1d156733.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_4e52895b.gif]]
area that you see after logging on to Windows. When you open programs
+
or folders, they appear on the desktop. You can put files and folders
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_46aac4aa.png]]You can change the font style, size. You can make the text bold, slanting or underline the text. To change case (small letters to capital letters etc), click on 'Format' menu and select 'Change Case'. To capitalise the selected text, choose UPPERCASE option.
on the desktop, and arrange them however you want.
+
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_136b8716.png]] To change the colour of the
 +
text, click on the small arrow next to the icon in the picture.
 +
 +
You can format paragraphs, i.e., align the text left, centre, right and justify using these buttons
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1e5e331e.png]].
 +
 
 +
For more character formatting options, click on 'Format' menu and choose 'Character'. There are many tabs like Indents and Spacing, Alignment, Text Flow, Outline &amp; Numbering, Tabs, Drop Caps, Borders, and Background available when you click on Format → Paragraph.
 +
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2c8d7b6b.png]]To shade a paragraph or give a background colour to it, click on the 'Background' tab and choose a colour. And, to add border to paragraphs, click on the Borders tab. Now try changing the essay using the above options. Align the heading 'My school' to centre. Change the background colour to light blue. Put borders to the paragraph.
    +
== Making simple lists ==
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m68cd55b0.png]]Use these buttons to create lists. The first button is used to make lists with bullets and the second one is used for numbered lists. Make two lists of animals. One list is bulleted and of wild animals. The other one is numbered and of domestic animals.
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6a3a7dc1.gif]]  
+
== Typing in Kannada ==
'''Why should you
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_53e9a84f.png]]IBus is a software application used to type in various languages. Using IBus and LibreOffice, you will learn how to type in Kannada. Open LibreOffice Writer. Click CTRL and the SPACE bar together. On the top panel, you will see something like this. Now you can start typing in Kannada. Use the following key strokes to type.
log in?'''
+
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
 +
{| border="1"
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
Keyboard
 +
Sequence
    +
 +
|
 +
Character
   −
Logging in
+
prevents unauthorised people from using your computer which keeps
+
|
your data secure.
+
Keyboard
 +
Sequence
   −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg]]
   
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
Character
   −
 
+
T[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2097363d.png]]here
+
|
is a taskbar at the bottom of your screen. It shows you which
+
Keyboard
programs are running and allows you to go from one program to
+
Sequence
another. It also contains the Start button
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2e9987e2.png]],
  −
which you can use to access programs, folders, and computer settings.
  −
Clicking on the start button, opens a start menu. It's called a menu
  −
because it provides a list of choices, just as a restaurant menu
  −
does. And as start implies, it's often the place that you'll go to
  −
start or open things. You can Use the Start menu to do these common
  −
activities:
      
   
 
   
* Start programs[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m54e6db7d.png]]
+
|
* Open commonly used folders
+
Character
* Search for files, folders, and programs
+
 
* Adjust computer settings
  −
* Get help on the Windows operating system
  −
* Turn off the computer or log off from Windows
   
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]
+
|-
 +
|
 +
k
 +
 
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m763e1644.gif]]
+
|
Windows
+
ಕ್
Help and Support is the built-in help system for Windows.
  −
It's a place to get quick answers to common questions, suggestions
  −
for troubleshooting, and instructions for how to do things. To open
  −
Windows
  −
Help and Support, click the Start
  −
button, and then click Help
  −
and Support.
  −
 
      
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
bh
    
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6f8f9fba.png]]
+
|
 +
ಭ್
 +
 
 
   
 
   
On
+
|
the desktop, you will see icons. Icons are small pictures that
+
u
represent files, folders, programs, and other items. Double-clicking
  −
a desktop icon starts or opens the item it represents.
      
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
 +
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2de596e4.gif]]
+
|-
'''The Recycle Bin'''
+
|
 +
kh
    +
 +
|
 +
ಖ್
   −
When
+
you delete a file or folder, it doesn't actually get deleted right
+
|
away—it
+
m
goes to the Recycle Bin. That's a good thing, because if you ever
  −
change your mind and decide you need a deleted file, you can get it
  −
back. If you're sure that you won't need the deleted items again,
  −
you can empty the Recycle Bin. Doing that will permanently delete
  −
the items
     −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]
   
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
ಮ್
    
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
uu
   −
 
  −
== Turning off your computer properly ==
   
   
 
   
When you're finished using your
+
|
computer, it's important to turn it off properly. It saves energy,
+
helps keep your computer secure and to ensure that your data is
  −
saved.
      
   
 
   
T[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m7342ad06.png]]o
+
|-
turn off your computer using the Start menu, click the Start
+
|
button, and then, in the lower-right corner of the Start menu, click
+
g
Shut
  −
down.
      
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
ಗ್
    
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_151ccc4c.png]]
+
|
 +
y
 +
 
 
   
 
   
== Ubuntu operating system ==
+
|
 +
ಯ್
 +
 
 
   
 
   
If you choose Ubuntu at the
+
|
start up, you will see a login screen screen as shown in the picture.
+
U
    
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
 +
 
   
 
   
'''Logging in :'''
+
|-
 +
|
 +
gh
    
   
 
   
Select your username, and type
+
|
your password the desktop will appear.
+
ಘ್
    
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
r
 +
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6628aea4.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m4cfcae2.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]
+
|
 +
ರ್
 +
 
 
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
RRi
 +
 
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
 +
 
   
 
   
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
~N
 +
 
   
 
   
'''The Desktop '''
+
|
 +
ಙ್
    
   
 
   
On a desktop, you will see icons
+
|
(if any), windows (if any programme is being used) and menus.
+
l
    
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
ಲ್
 +
 
   
 
   
'''Panels '''
+
|
 +
R^i
    
   
 
   
T[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5faf92a5.png]]he
+
|
two panels are visible —one at the top of the screen, and one at
+
the bottom. The one at the top has icons and menus. The panel at the
  −
bottom is where you'll see all the programmes running, and this panel
  −
also has some buttons like a trash icon (right).
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_mb10d114.png]]
+
|-
'''Menus '''
+
|
 +
N^
    
   
 
   
The three menus at the top of
+
|
the screen (Applications, Places, System) are known as the main
+
ಙ್
menus. They stay on-screen all the time.
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_24cd2a40.png]]
+
|
The '''Applications menu''' at
+
L
the top left has a list of all the programmes (apps) on your
  −
computer.
      
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
ಳ್
 +
 
   
 
   
The '''Places menu''', next to
+
|
it, lets you access the hard disk, CD/DVD or pen drives. Digital
+
Ru
cameras and MP3 players are also listed here when plugged-in.
      
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
 +
 
   
 
   
The System menu, next to the
+
|-
Places menu, lets you control your computer’s settings, eg.,
+
|
setting time &amp; date, changing mouse buttons if you are a left
+
ch
handed person etc. It has two sub-menus, as follows:
      
   
 
   
'''''Preferences''''': This
+
|
menu lets you to make your computer look and work as you want or
+
ಚ್
prefer. For example, you can change your desktop picture to the photo
  −
of your school or your sports team. Select System &gt; Preferences &gt;
  −
Appearances
      
   
 
   
'''''Administration'''''''':'''
+
|
This menu lets you change hardware settings, such as altering the
+
ld
time/date, and adding/removing software.
      
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
ಳ್
 +
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1fd90b6e.png]]'''Shutting
+
|
down the computer'''
+
e
    
   
 
   
What will you do after you have
+
|
finished your work? You have to turn off the computer. You must turn
+
it off by clicking on the last button on the right hand top corner
  −
and select shutdown. .
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m78d678c4.gif]]
+
|-
Never turn off the
+
|
power button without shutting the computer properly
+
Ch
   −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]
   
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
ಛ್
    
   
 
   
== Managing files and folders ==
+
|
 +
v
 +
 
 +
 +
|
 +
ವ್
 +
 
 
   
 
   
When
+
|
you write an essay or paint something on a paper, you would like to
+
E
keep it for future, right? You would probably put it in a hard bound
  −
folder. May be, if you have more than one essay or painting, you
  −
would have one folder to hold your essays and one folder to hold your
  −
paintings.
      
   
 
   
What
+
|
would you do when you do the same things on a computer? Can you store
+
it as you would do with the paper ? Yes,of course. You can store all
  −
that you have done on a computer as a '''file'''. Every programme,
  −
image, video, song, and document is stored as a file. And similar
  −
files can be put in a '''folder. ''' Folders can also store other
  −
folders called sub-folders. Folders are also called &quot;directories&quot;
  −
Do you know where the files and folders are kept in a computer? They
  −
are stored on a disk (remember your hardware chapter where you learnt
  −
about hard disk, pen drives, CDs).
      
   
 
   
To manage all the files and
+
|-
folders that you make, we need a '''file manager''' (also called as
+
|
file browser). A file manager or file browser is a computer programme
+
chh
that provides a user interface to work with files. Windows uses a
  −
file manager called the Windows explorer and Ubuntu uses a file
  −
manager/browser called Nautilus. File browser is used to
      
   
 
   
* [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6f72a7.png]]Create folders and documents
+
|
* Display your files and folders
+
ಛ್
 +
 
 
   
 
   
* Search and manage your files
+
|
 +
w
 +
 
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c746de.png]]This
+
|
file manager lets you organize your files into folders. Folders can
+
ವ್
contain files and may also contain other folders. Using folders can
  −
help you find your files more easily. You can also copy or move files
  −
from one folder to another, create new folders, delete unwanted
  −
folders, give new names to the files and folders etc, using the file
  −
browser.
      
   
 
   
For
+
|
any operating system, many things are files, such as documents,
+
ee
photos, movies, and music.
      
   
 
   
== Lab exercises ==
+
|
 +
ಏ&quot;
 +
 
 
   
 
   
Do
+
|-
the following exercises first in Windows and then in Ubuntu Operating
+
|
system
+
j
    
   
 
   
# Log in to a computer (Take teachers help for username and password)
+
|
# Open a programme called 'Calculator'.
+
ಜ್
# Add any two numbers.
+
 
# Close the programme (you'll have to click on the X button on the right hand top corner of the calculator).
  −
# What is the difference between log off and shut-down functions ?
   
   
 
   
== Chapter summary ==
+
|
 +
sh
 +
 
 
   
 
   
# A computer programme tells a computer what to do and how to do it. A computer programme is also called software'''.'''
+
|
# Operating System and Application software are two types of software.
+
ಶ್
# Operating system is a special computer programme which is required in all computers to explain our instructions to it.
+
 
# Operating Systems make computers user friendly or easy to use by using a programme called graphical user interface (GUI).
  −
# Windows 7 is a GUI based operating system
  −
# On a Windows 7 Desktop, you will see a start menu at the bottom on the taskbar, and some icons on the desktop.
  −
# Ubuntu is a GNU/Linux Operating system.
  −
# On a Ubuntu Desktop, you will see top panel (which has icons and menus), bottom panel (which has a trash bin), and windows, if any programmes are running.
  −
# You have to login to a computer to use it and shut down properly after use.
  −
# Every programme, image, video, song, and document is stored as a file. And similar files can be put in a folder.
  −
# File browser is used to create folders and documents, display your files and folders, search and manage your files.
   
   
 
   
== Exercises ==
+
|
+
ai
Choose
  −
the correct answer
      
   
 
   
# A computer programme is also called
+
|
## Desktop ii. Software iii. Hardware
+
#
  −
# The most important programme on any computer is
  −
## Applications ii. File manager iii. Operating System
  −
#
  −
# GUI stands for
  −
## Good user interface ii. Graphical user interface iii. Great user interface
  −
#
  −
# Which of the following is an Operating system?
  −
## GNU/Linux ii. Calculator iii. Text Editor
  −
#
  −
  −
Say
  −
True or False
      
   
 
   
# Operating system make computers user-friendly.
+
|-
# To shut down the computer, press the power off switch.
+
|
# The programme which can understand what you want to do and tells it to the computer is called the application software.
+
jh
# A folder is also called a directory.
  −
# File manager in Ubuntu is called Explorer.
  −
  −
== Additional resources ==
  −
  −
<u>[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system]]</u>
      
   
 
   
<u>[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program]]</u>
+
|
 +
ಝ್
    
   
 
   
<u>[[http://parenting.kaboose.com/education-and-learning/learning-resources/comp-les7.html]]</u>
+
|
 +
Sh
    
   
 
   
<u>[[www.top-]]</u><u>[[windows]]</u><u>[[-]]</u><u>[[tutorials]]</u><u>[[.com/]]</u><u>[[windows]]</u><u>[[-]]</u><u>[[7]]</u><u>[[.html]]</u>
+
|
 +
ಷ್
    
   
 
   
<u>[[http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/help/getting-started]]</u>
+
|
 +
o
    
   
 
   
<u>[[http://www.ubuntu.com]]</u>
+
|
 +
    
   
 
   
= 3.Text editing with word processor =
+
|-
 +
|
 +
~n
 +
 
 
   
 
   
== Chapter objectives ==
+
|
 +
ಞ್
 +
 
 
   
 
   
At the end of
+
|
this chapter, you will learn about
+
shh
    
   
 
   
* Word processors
+
|
* Different types of word processors
+
ಷ್
* Using word processors like LibreOffice Writer and Microsoft Word
+
 
* Text editing and formatting
   
   
 
   
'''Word
+
|
processors'''
+
O
    
   
 
   
If you want to write a letter to
+
|
your friend, a story or school work in a computer, what would you do
+
or where would you type them? A software application called the '''word
  −
processor''' would do that.
      
   
 
   
A word processor is a software
+
|-
used for creating (including writing, editing, formatting, and
+
|
possibly printing) documents. This software lets you to create a
+
JN
document, store it on the disk, show it on a screen, make changes to
  −
it using the keyboard and print it on a printer.
      
   
 
   
'''What
+
|
can the word processors do?'''
+
ಞ್
    
   
 
   
* '''Insert text:''' It allows you to insert text anywhere in the document.
+
|
* '''Delete text:''' It allows you to erase characters, words, lines, or pages as easily as you can cross them out on paper.
+
s
* '''Cut''' and''' paste :''' It allows you to remove (''cut'') a section of text from one place in a document and insert (''paste'') it somewhere else.
+
 
* '''Copy''' ''':''' It allows you to duplicate a section of text.
  −
* '''Page size and margins :''' It allows you to define various page sizes and margins, and the word processor will automatically readjust the text so that it fits.
  −
* '''Search and replace''' ''':''' It allows you to search for a particular word or phrase. You can also replace one group of characters with another anywhere that the first group appears.
  −
* '''Word wrap''' ''':''' The word processor automatically moves to the next line when you have filled one line with text, and it will readjust text if you change the margins.
  −
* '''Print:''' It allows you to send a document to a printer to get print out.
   
   
 
   
* '''Font specifications:''' It allows you to change fonts. (A font is how a character, alphabet or symbol appears on the screen. Different fonts are available for typing different styles). For example, you can make the text in your document bold (dark), italics (slant) and underlining. You can also increase or decrease the size of the text.
+
|
* '''Graphics:''' It allows you to insert pictures and graphs into a document.
+
ಸ್
* '''Layout''' ''':''' It allows you to specify how a page will look including setting margins, page size within a single document.
+
 
* '''Headers, footers, and page numbering:''' It allows you to put headers and footers that the word processor will put at the top and bottom of every page. The word processor automatically keeps track of page numbers so that the correct number appears on each page.
  −
* '''Spell checker''' ''':''' It is a program that allows you to check the spelling of words. It will highlight any words that it does not recognise.
   
   
 
   
+
|
'''List
+
oo
of some popular word processors'''
      
   
 
   
# LibreOffice Writer
+
|
# Microsoft Word
+
# OpenOffice.org writer
  −
# WordPerfect
  −
# Star Office Writer
  −
# Web-based word processors (Google Docs)
  −
  −
In this chapter you will learn
  −
how to use Microsoft Word on Windows and LibreOffice Writer on
  −
Ubuntu. LibreOffice works on Ubuntu GNU/Linux, Mac and Windows
  −
operating systems while Microsoft Word works only on Microsoft
  −
Windows. LibreOffice is a public software and can be freely shared
  −
without licence restrictions or payment of licence fees. Microsoft
  −
Word is proprietary software and can be got by paying licence fees
  −
per user.
      
   
 
   
== Using MS Word to create documents ==
+
|-
+
|
Login
+
T
to Windows. To start the application, Click on [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2e9987e2.png]]
  −
button on the left hand bottom corner.
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m73c01333.png]]
+
|
''MS
+
ಟ್
Word''
  −
 
  −
Then, click on All
  −
programs ---&gt; Microsoft Office ---&gt; Microsoft Word 2010.
      
   
 
   
On the blank page, where you see
+
|  
a blinking cursor (|), you can start typing your assignment. In this
+
h
example, you will write a short paragraph about the western ghats.
      
   
 
   
     
  −
{| border="1"
  −
|-
   
|  
 
|  
The Western Ghats
+
ಹ್
    
   
 
   
South India's rain forests, the Western Ghats
+
|
(hill ranges running parallel to the south-west coast of
+
au
peninsular India) are an area of great biological, cultural
  −
diversity and conservation interest. This unique region is home to
  −
a fascinating array of flora and fauna, indigenous people, ancient
  −
forts and monuments.
      
   
 
   
|}
+
|  
+
A
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m44cc9828.png]]
  −
''File
  −
menu''
  −
 
  −
fter you finish typing this paragraph, what do you do? You can
  −
either take a print out of it or store it in your computer or do
  −
both. If you store this, you can use it again and again. You can also
  −
make changes to the essay later on.
      
   
 
   
To save (store on disk), click
+
|-
on the File tab (the menu bar on the top) and select Save option.
+
|
 +
Th
    
   
 
   
Y
+
|
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_mee2131c.png]]
+
ಠ್
''Saving
  −
the file''
  −
 
  −
ou will see a window as shown below. (It is also called the
  −
s'''ave dialogue '''box). Select Desktop from the list on the left
  −
hand side. In the file name box, type 'Western Ghats' and click on
  −
the save button.
      
   
 
   
+
|
You have saved your paragraph
+
GY
called 'Western Ghats' on your computer's desktop.
      
   
 
   
The file will be saved with an
+
|
extension .docx
+
ಜ್ಞ್
    
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5575c0f0.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m7bcefc25.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]
+
|
+
M
  −
  −
  −
  −
  −
== Making changes to the text ==
  −
  −
You can make changes to your
  −
essay, even after you have saved it. Changes can be adding, removing,
  −
copying and moving text in the document.
      
   
 
   
'''Inserting text'''
+
|
 +
    
   
 
   
Anywhere in the document, if you
+
|-
want to add text, just click '''at''' that place and start typing.
+
|
 +
D
    
   
 
   
'''Delete text'''
+
|
 +
ಡ್
    
   
 
   
To remove or delete from the
+
|
document, click '''before''' the text you want to delete and press
+
j~n
the 'delete' key. You can also '''click''' after the text you want
  −
to delete and press the 'backspace' key.
      
   
 
   
'''Selecting text'''
+
|
 +
ಜ್ಞ್
    
   
 
   
Before any changes are made to
+
|
the text, you have to select the text. To select text, click before
+
H
the text you want to select, hold the mouse key and drag till the end
  −
of your selection. This will highlight the text.
      
   
 
   
'''Copying text'''
+
|
 +
    
   
 
   
I[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2b62d60.png]]f
+
|-
you want to repeat anything in your essay, you can copy the text and
+
|
then paste it. To copy text, you need to select the text (highlight)
+
Dh
first, and then click on 'Home ' and 'Copy' or just use the keyboard
  −
short cut 'CTRL and C' keys together. (Note – whenever we use the
  −
CTRL key, you need to first press CTRL, then keeping it pressed,
  −
press the C key and release the C key before releasing the CTRL key).
  −
Hence we can also show this as CTRL+C).
      
   
 
   
'''Cutting text'''
+
|
 +
ಢ್
    
   
 
   
If you want to move a portion of
+
|
text from one place to another in your document, you can cut the text
+
dny
and paste it. To cut text, select the portion you want to cut and
  −
then click on 'Home' and 'Cut' or by using the keyboard short cut
  −
'CTRL and X' keys together (CTRL+X).[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m24a2ce3.png]]
      
   
 
   
+
|
'''Pasting text'''
+
ಜ್ಞ್
    
   
 
   
Once you have copied or cut
+
|
text, you can paste it anywhere in the document by clicking on 'Home'
+
0
and 'Paste' or by pressing 'CTRL and V' keys together (CTRL+V). [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5b3151f.png]]
      
   
 
   
+
|
Now you have learnt how to make
+
changes to the text, try making changes to the file 'Western Ghats',
  −
using insert, delete, cut, copy and paste functions.
      
   
 
   
It should look like this.
  −
  −
     
  −
{| border="1"
   
|-
 
|-
 
|  
 
|  
The
+
N
Western Ghats
      
   
 
   
South India's rain
+
|
forests, the Western Ghats also called the
+
ಣ್
Sahayadri ranges ( hill ranges running parallel to the
  −
south-west coast of peninsular India) are an area of great
  −
biological, cultural diversity and conservation interest. This
  −
unique region is home to a great
  −
array of flora and fauna, indigenous people, ancient forts and
  −
monuments.
      
   
 
   
(*''The words highlighted in
+
|
red have been added and the one in blue has been replaced.*)''
+
x
    
   
 
   
|
+
|  
== Formatting characters and paragraphs ==
+
ಕ್ಷ್
  −
Now you will learn, how to make
  −
your essay look beautiful and readable. Just like each of you has a
  −
different hand writing and a different style of writing, the word
  −
processor too has different styles and sizes of characters (a
  −
character can be a letter, number or a punctuation mark). These
  −
different styles are called fonts.
      
   
 
   
In the picture, '''Calibri
+
|
(Body)''' is the font. 11 is the size of the font. You can change
+
1
the font style and size of text by first selecting the text and then
  −
clicking on the
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1a0bbf73.png]]
  −
button next to the font name and size and choose different style and
  −
size. [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3da4399e.png]]
      
   
 
   
- Increases and decreases the
+
|
font size respectively[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_20aabe5a.png]]
+
    
   
 
   
- Changes all the selected text
+
|-
to UPPERCASE, lowercase, Sentence case, Capitalise Each Word or
+
|
tOGGLE cASE.[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_fdaa6dd.png]]
+
t
    
   
 
   
- Makes the selected text '''Bold
+
|
'''(use keyboard shortcut CTRL and B)[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_7bc43a91.png]]
+
ತ್
    
   
 
   
- Makes the selected text ''italic'' (use keyboard shortcut CTRL and I)[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m3ca9333f.png]]
+
|
 +
ksh
    
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5cd91e0.png]]-
+
|
Underlines the selected text (use keyboard shortcut CTRL and
+
ಕ್ಷ್
U)[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m53cdfe0.png]]
      
   
 
   
- Applies a visual effect to
+
|
the selected text like shadow or reflection
+
2
   −
 
+
Now use the above options and
+
|
make your essay look like this.
+
    
   
 
   
       
  −
{| border="1"
   
|-
 
|-
 
|  
 
|  
''<u>'''The
+
th
Western Ghats '''</u>''
      
   
 
   
South
+
|
India's rain forests, the Western Ghats also called the
+
ಥ್
Sahayadri ranges ( hill ranges running parallel to the
  −
south-west coast of peninsular India) are an area of great
  −
biological, cultural diversity and conservation interest. This
  −
unique region is home to a great array of flora and fauna,
  −
indigenous people, ancient forts and monuments.
      
   
 
   
 +
|
 
   
 
   
''(* The heading is in
+
|
bold, underlined, font size is 14, text colour is Grey, font
+
style is Times New Roman and italics *).''
+
|
 +
3
    
   
 
   
|
+
|  
+
  −
You will now learn about
  −
formatting paragraphs. You can align paragraphs to left, right or
  −
centre of the page using the buttons
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_33a445fb.png]].
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m59a08cad.png]]
      
   
 
   
  −
     
  −
{| border="1"
   
|-
 
|-
 
|  
 
|  
The
+
d
first button aligns the paragraph to the left of the page. This
  −
sentence is aligned to the left of the page.
      
   
 
   
The
+
|
second button aligns the paragraph to the middle of the page.
+
ದ್
    
   
 
   
This
+
|
sentence is aligned to the centre of the page.
+
a
    
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
 +
 
   
 
   
The
+
|
third button aligns the paragraph to the right of the page. This
+
4
sentence is aligned to the right of the page.
      
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
 +
 
   
 
   
The
+
|-
last button justifies the paragraph. This paragraph is justified.
+
|
Justifying means to align to both left and the right paragraph.
+
dh
    
   
 
   
+
|  
|}
+
ಧ್
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1d389fa3.png]] This button is used to apply
  −
different background colours to the selected text or paragraphs.
  −
Click on the small blue arrow for more colours options. This
  −
paragraph has a grey background
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5113074c.png]] This button is for bordering
+
|
selected text or paragraphs. Many options are available like just
+
aa
right, left, top, bottom, all borders etc. Click on the small blue
  −
arrow for all the available options. This paragraph has outside side
  −
borders.
      
   
 
   
+
|
Now let us change your essay a
+
bit more using the paragraph options. The heading 'The Western Ghats'
  −
is aligned to the centre. The background colour is light Gray. The
  −
paragraph has outside borders too. It should look like this.
      
   
 
   
<u>'''The
+
|
Western Ghats'''</u>
+
5
    
   
 
   
+
|
''South
+
India's rain forests, the Western Ghats also called the Sahayadri
  −
ranges ( hill ranges running parallel to the south-west coast of
  −
peninsular India) are an area of great biological, cultural diversity
  −
and conservation interest. This unique region is home to a great
  −
array of flora and fauna, indigenous people, ancient forts and
  −
monuments. ''
      
   
 
   
+
|-
Next you will learn about how to
+
|
make simple lists using 'Bullets and Numbers' options available in
+
n
the paragraph tab.
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m57db9af5.png]] The first button is used to
+
|
create lists with bullets and the second one is used to create lists
+
ನ್
with numbers. Make a list of some wild animals and some domestic
  −
animals. Let the wild animals list have bullets and the domestic
  −
animals list have numbers.
      
   
 
   
List of wild animals
+
|
 +
A
    
   
 
   
* Lion
+
|
* Elephant
+
* Tiger
  −
* Wolf
  −
* Cheetah
  −
  −
To make a list like the above,
  −
first type the list, select the list and click on the bullets button
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m669877e.png]]
  −
Clicking on the small blue arrow gives many bullets options. Now try
  −
to make a list of domestic animals and number them.
      
   
 
   
== Using LibreOffice to create documents ==
+
|
 +
6
 +
 
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m68195161.png]]
+
|
''LibreOffice''
+
    +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
p
    
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_55d56d98.gif]]You
+
|
will have to log into Ubuntu operating system to use LibreOffice
+
ಪ್
Writer. To
  −
start LibreOffice, you have to click '''Applications →
  −
Office → LibreOffice Writer.'''
  −
You will see a window like the one in the picture. There will be a
  −
blank page and a cursor where you can start typing. Note that
  −
everything that you did so far using Microsoft Word can be done using
  −
LibreOffice too.
      
   
 
   
+
|
You will do the same 'The
+
i
Western Ghats' paragraph but using LibreOffice. The functions that
  −
you used in Microsoft office will be discussed in LibreOffice.
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1794ed9a.png]]''Saving
+
|
the file''
+
 
  −
Type the paragraph 'The
  −
Western Ghats'. Save the file by clicking on 'File' menu and
  −
selecting 'Save' option as shown in the picture.
      
   
 
   
Type the file name in the dialog
+
|
box that shows up as 'My School' and click on the 'Save' button.
+
7
    
   
 
   
+
|
+
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_51b656ce.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m420b1293.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg]]
  −
      
   
 
   
 
+
|-
 
+
|
== Making changes to the text ==
+
ph
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_ma2ed312.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_58749c8f.gif]]
  −
Inserting, deleting and
  −
selecting text is done exactly the same way as it is done in
  −
Microsoft Word.
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1613e29b.png]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m12f0f039.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_75cbe56b.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_30986aae.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_44feca9d.gif]]
+
|
+
ಫ್
'''Copying text'''
      
   
 
   
Select the text you want to copy
+
|
and click on 'Edit' menu and select 'Copy'. You can also copy text by
+
ii
clicking on copy button or by using the keyboard shortcut CTRL and C.
      
   
 
   
 +
|
 +
 +
 
   
 
   
'''Cutting text'''
+
|
 +
8
    
   
 
   
Select the text you want to cut
+
|
and click on 'Edit' menu and select 'Cut'. You can also cut text by
+
clicking on cut button, or by using the the keyboard shortcut CTRL
  −
and X.
      
   
 
   
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
b
 +
 
   
 
   
'''Pasting text'''
+
|
 +
ಬ್
    
   
 
   
Click on 'Edit' and select
+
|
'Paste' menu. You can also paste copied or cut text by clicking on
+
I
the paste button or by using the keyboard shortcut CTRL and V.
      
   
 
   
Change the 'My School' essay as
+
|
you did when working with MS Word.
+
    
   
 
   
== Formatting characters and paragraphs ==
+
|
+
9
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2b451a81.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m580ce8f5.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6aa7ccf7.gif]]
  −
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m4597452e.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5af18342.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_8447139.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m4fb7f678.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_43b923cd.gif]]
  −
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m267839c6.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1d156733.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_4e52895b.gif]]
  −
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_46aac4aa.png]]You
  −
can change the font style, size. You can make the text bold, slanting
  −
or underline the text. To change case (small letters to capital
  −
letters etc), click on 'Format' menu and select 'Change Case'. To
  −
capitalise the selected text, choose UPPERCASE option.
      
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_136b8716.png]] To change the colour of the
+
|
text, click on the small arrow next to the icon in the picture.
+
    
   
 
   
 
+
|}
 +
=== Lab Exercises ===
 +
Type a paragraph on trees using and LibreOffice Writer
 
   
 
   
You
  −
can format paragraphs, i.e., align the text left, centre, right and
  −
justify using these buttons
     −
+
Trees are very important things in our daily lives. They provide us food and oxygen – two most vital things for our survival. Some trees have medicinal value. Some other trees gives us wood. This wood is used in building homes, making furniture and as a source of fuel too. It is very important not to cut trees and to plant more trees.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1e5e331e.png]].
      
   
 
   
For
+
After formatting, it should look like
more character formatting options, click on 'Format' menu and choose
  −
'Character'.
      +
'''TREES'''
 +
Trees are very important things
 +
in our daily lives. They provide us ''food ''and ''oxygen'' – two most <u>vital</u> things for our survival. Some trees have medicinal value. Some other trees gives us wood. This wood is used in building homes, making furniture and as a source of fuel too. It is very important not to cut trees and to <u>'''plant more trees.'''</u>
 +
 +
== Summary ==
 +
# A word processor lets you to create a document, store it on the disk, show it on a screen, make changes to it using the keyboard,and print it on a printer.
 +
# A word processor can insert, delete, cut, copy and paste text.
 +
# Some popular word processors are Microsoft Word, LibreOffice writer, OpenOffice Writer, Google Docs.
 +
# Microsoft Word works only on Microsoft Windows operating system and the files created using it has a .docx extension.
 +
# LibreOffice Writer works on many operating systems including Ubuntu GNU/Linux and Microsoft Windows. The files created using it has a .odt extenstion.
 +
# Using LibreOffice Writer, you learnt how to make changes to the text, format characters and paragraphs and create lists with bullets and numbers.
 
   
 
   
There
+
== Exercises ==
are many tabs like Indents and Spacing, Alignment, Text Flow, Outline
+
# Open LibreOffice Writer (This can be done in Kannada or English)
&amp; Numbering, Tabs, Drop Caps, Borders, and Background available
+
## Type your names. ii. Change the way your names look.
when you click on Format → Paragraph.
+
## Make copies of your names without retyping them.
 
+
## Move your names to the middle of the page without retyping them.
 +
# Make a list of states in India using numbers
 +
# Write a letter to your teacher asking for 15 days leave
 +
# Make a list of your friends using bullets in LibreOffice Writer.
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2c8d7b6b.png]]To
+
== Additional resources ==
shade a paragraph or give a background colour to it, click on the
+
Press F1 function key when using  LibreOffice for help
'Background' tab and choose a colour. And, to add border to
  −
paragraphs, click on the Borders tab.
      +
= 4.Browsing the Internet =
 +
==Objectives ==
 +
In this chapter, you will learn about
 +
# Computer Network
 +
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet Internet]
 +
# Software and Hardware required to connect to the Internet
 +
# World Wide Web and URLs
 +
# Internet Browsers
 +
# Browsing the Internet
 
   
 
   
Now
+
==The Internet ==
try changing the essay using the above options. Align the heading 'My
+
How do we get electricity in our homes? Electricity flows through a network which is a connection of power lines, cables, towers and reaches our homes.  
school' to centre. Change the background colour to light blue. Put
+
There are different kinds of networks; rail network, road network,telephone, water supply network and many more. A network is a connection of many components. Also, networks are shared by many people. Even computers can be connected in a network. A computer network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together. Computer networks can be broadly classifed as,
borders to the paragraph.
  −
 
   
   
 
   
== Making simple lists ==
+
* '''Local Area networks (LANs)''' ''':''' The computers are close together (may be, in the same building).
 +
* '''Wide Area networks (WANs)''' ''':''' The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.  [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m163d865d.png]]
 +
''Hub''
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m68cd55b0.png]]Use
+
In your school or DIET lab, you must have seen all the computers (clients) connected to one main computer - “the server”. It is a LAN. The cables
these buttons to create lists. The first button is used to make lists
+
from the clients are connected to a device called a 'hub', and the hub is connected to the server. A hub is a common connection point for devices in a network. Do you know what can be shared in a computer network? You can share files, information and even some hardware devices using a computer
with bullets and the second one is used for numbered lists.
+
network.
   −
  −
Make
  −
two lists of animals. One list is bulleted and of wild animals. The
  −
other one is numbered and of domestic animals.
     −
+
What is the use of sharing information over a computer network? You might have booked train or bus tickets when you travel across the state. To book a ticket you need to find out which train or bus goes from your place to wherever you want to go and also if the tickets are available on the dates you want to travel. If your computer is connected to the computer in a railway reservation office which has the information about the trains and ticket availability, you can book tickets from home. Such a connection of computers is called an '''Internet connection.''' Information is communicated and shared between the two computers, through such an Internet connection.
== Typing in Kannada ==
+
 
+
If you want information about some book available in your library, you can connect to the library's computer from home and get the information that you want. There are many such computers in different organisations giving us different types of information. These computers are all connected to one another. This is called the '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet Internet].''' So, for sharing or getting information from another computer on the Internet, you need a connection to the Internet.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_53e9a84f.png]]IBus
+
 
is a software application used to type in various languages. Using
+
*'''What do you need to connect to the Internet?'''
IBus and LibreOffice, you will learn how to type in Kannada. Open
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_b6ef5d3.png]]
LibreOffice Writer. Click CTRL and the SPACE bar together. On the top
+
''Modem''
panel, you will see something like this. Now you can start typing in
+
 
Kannada. Use the following key strokes to type.
+
Before you can connect to the Internet, you must have a computer, a modem (A modem is a hardware device that allows a computer to transmit data over telephone or cable lines) and access to a telephone line which is connected to the Internet and a software to connect.
 +
 
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m18aa5759.png]]
 +
''Data card''
   −
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
+
You can also use a device called data card for connecting to the internet without any wire connections. The data cards use the mobile phones network to connect to the internet. The connection software is provided usually by the service providers (which are mostly telephone companies). In Karnataka/India, companies like Airtel, BSNL, Vodaphone provide such services.
{| border="1"
  −
|-
  −
|
  −
Keyboard
  −
Sequence
      +
To know more about the history of the Internet, visit [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet Wikipedia]
 
   
 
   
|
+
== World Wide Web (WWW) ==
Character
+
There are millions of pages of shared information on the computers in the network, created by many people and organizations, in the form of 'web pages' accessed using a software application called a 'web browser'. This information network is called the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web World Wide Web] (in short known as www). The source of information is called the web site. A web site is a collection of related web pages of information. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web WWW] is one application on the Internet.
    +
== Web Browser ==
 +
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2853baf8.png]]Once you are connected to the Internet and are ready to look for things, you will need a software called the web Browser. There are many browsers available like Mozilla Firefox, Windows Internet Explorer, Apple's Safari, Google Chrome etc. All browsers will have similar functions. In this chapter you will learn to use Mozilla Firefox to
 +
browse the web. Browse the web means look for things on the internet. Click on the icon on your top panel to start the Firefox Internet browser when you are using Ubuntu. You will see a screen like this.
 
   
 
   
|  
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6d5142b8.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
Keyboard
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5057183e.gif]]
Sequence
  −
 
   
   
 
   
|
+
A website is nothing but a folder on a computer connected to the Internet, which has an 'address ' . You will have to enter the address of a website in the address bar (see the picture). This address is also called Uniform Resource Locator (URL). In the address bar, type [[www.wikipedia.org]] and press enter. This is a website where you can find information on many subjects.
Character
  −
 
   
   
 
   
|
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_292fca48.png]]
Keyboard
  −
Sequence
     −
+
This website has information on many languages. Move the mouse pointer on English and you will find that the pointer has changed to a hand. These are links to other sections of the web site. They are called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink hyperlinks]. A hyperlink is a mechanism by which a web page is linked to another related web page. Text, images can be made into hyper links. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink hyperlink] is usually underlined.
|
  −
Character
     −
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1afcbe46.png]]
|-
  −
|
  −
k
     −
   
+
When you click on English, you get the information from the encyclopedia in English. There are different sections, if you look at the right hand top
|
+
corner, giving information about Arts, History, Maths, Science etc. You can click on Maths and search on a certain topic. Type multiplication in the search box that you see just above the different sections. You will get an article about Multiplication.
ಕ್
     −
+
==Search Engine==
|
+
A search engine is used to search for information on the World Wide Web. It keeps a track of all web pages. We can search for information we want
bh
+
by providing a word or a sentence to a search engine. Google search engin is a very popular search engine. In your browser's address bar type
 +
"Google.co.in". In the search box you see type 'sachin tendulkar centuries'. You will see a list of all the webpages having information about Sachin
 +
Tendulkar's centuries. You can click on the hyper links and get more information. There are other search engines too, such as [https://duckduckgo.com/ DuckDuckgo]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuckDuckGo DuckDuckgo] does not collect information about users and hence your privacy is protected.
   −
+
== Lab exercises ==
|
+
== Visit the following websites ==
ಭ್
+
# kn.wikipedia.org, Kannada.samachar.com, irctc.com rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in, dsert.kar.nic.in
 +
# Search for information on your topic using [[http://Google.co.in Google search engine] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuckDuckGo DuckDuckgo] search engine.
 +
==='''Topics''' - School Leadership===
 +
Chose from - Aims of education, School and society, Community participation in education, teacher professional development, open educational resources, professional learning community, School development, School leadership, Leadership styles. Leadership theories
    +
== Chapter summary ==
 +
# Files, information and even some hardware devices can be shared using a computer network.
 +
# Information is communicated and shared between the computers through an Internet connection.
 +
# A computer, modem and access to a telephone line which is connected to the Internet and a connection software is required to connect to the Internet.
 +
# A web site is a collection of related web pages of information.
 +
# A software application called a web browser is required to look for things on the Internet's World Wide Web.
 +
# A search engine is used to search for information on the World Wide Web
 
   
 
   
|
+
== Exercises==
u
+
*Choose the correct answer
 
+
# Internet is a network of
 +
## Roads 2. Rails 3. Computers 4. Water pipes
 +
# Which of these is not a browser
 +
## Safari 2. Chrome 3. Nautilus 4. Firefox
 +
# The device used to connect without wires to the Internet is called
 +
## USB Flash drive 2. Data card 3. Memory Card 4.Modem
 
   
 
   
|
+
*Say True or False
+
# Internet is a network of computers
 
+
# A Modem is required to connect to the Internet without wires
+
# Wikipedia is a website
|-
+
# WWW stands for world wide web
|
+
# URL stands for Unknown resource locator
kh
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9
  −
 
  −
  −
|
  −
  −
 
  −
  −
|}
  −
=== Lab Exercises ===
  −
  −
Type
  −
a paragraph on trees (Do this exercise using both MS Word and
  −
LibreOffice Writer).
  −
 
  −
  −
Trees
  −
 
  −
  −
Trees
  −
are very important things in our daily lives. They provide us food
  −
and oxygen – two most vital things for our survival. Some trees
  −
have medicinal value. Some other trees gives us wood. This wood is
  −
used in building homes, making furniture and as a source of fuel too.
  −
It is very important not to cut trees and to plant more trees.
  −
 
  −
  −
After
  −
formatting, it should look like
  −
 
  −
  −
'''TREES'''
  −
 
  −
  −
Trees are very important things
  −
in our daily lives. They provide us ''food ''and ''oxygen'' –
  −
two most <u>vital</u> things for our survival. Some trees have
  −
medicinal value. Some other trees gives us wood. This wood is used in
  −
building homes, making furniture and as a source of fuel too. It is
  −
very important not to cut trees and to <u>'''plant more trees.'''</u>
  −
 
  −
  −
== Summary ==
  −
  −
# A word processor lets you to create a document, store it on the disk, show it on a screen, make changes to it using the keyboard, and print it on a printer.
  −
# A word processor can insert, delete, cut, copy and paste text.
  −
# Some popular word processors are Microsoft Word, LibreOffice writer, OpenOffice Writer, Google Docs.
  −
# Microsoft Word works only on Microsoft Windows operating system and the files created using it has a .docx extension.
  −
# LibreOffice Writer works on many operating systems including Ubuntu GNU/Linux and Microsoft Windows. The files created using it has a .odt extenstion.
  −
# Using MS Word and LibreOffice Writer, you learnt how to make changes to the text, format characters and paragraphs and create lists with bullets and numbers.
  −
  −
== Exercises ==
  −
  −
# Open Microsoft Word (This can be done in Kannada or English)
  −
## Type your names. ii. Change the way your names look.
  −
## Make copies of your names without retyping them.
  −
## Move your names to the middle of the page without retyping them.
  −
#
  −
# Make a list of states in India using numbers in Microsoft Word.
  −
# Write a letter to your teacher asking for 15 days leave, using LibreOffice Writer.
  −
# Make a list of your friends using bullets in LibreOffice Writer.
  −
  −
== Additional resources ==
  −
  −
'''Press
  −
F1 function key when using MS Word or LibreOffice for help in using
  −
them.'''
  −
 
  −
  −
'''[[http://www.libreoffice.org/get-help/documentation/#wg]]'''
  −
 
  −
  −
'''[[http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/]]'''
  −
 
  −
  −
= 4.Browsing the Internet =
  −
  −
== Chapter objectives ==
  −
  −
In
  −
this chapter, you will learn about,
  −
 
  −
  −
# Computer Network
  −
# Internet
  −
# Software and Hardware required to connect to the Internet
  −
# World Wide Web and URLs
  −
# Internet Browsers
  −
# Browsing the Internet
  −
  −
== The Internet ==
  −
  −
How do we get electricity in our homes? Electricity flows through a
  −
network which is a connection of power lines, cables, towers and
  −
reaches our homes.
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
There are different kinds of networks; rail network, road network,
  −
telephone, water supply network and many more. A network is a
  −
connection of many components. Also, networks are shared by many
  −
people.
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
Even computers can be connected in a network. A computer network is a
  −
group of two or more computer systems linked together. Computer
  −
networks can be broadly classifed as,
  −
 
  −
  −
* '''Local Area networks (LANs)''' ''':''' The computers are close together (may be, in the same building).
  −
* '''Wide Area networks (WANs)''' ''':''' The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.  [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m163d865d.png]]
  −
''Hub''
  −
  −
In your lab, you must have seen all the computers (clients) connected
  −
to one main computer - “the server”. It is a LAN. The cables
  −
from the clients are connected to a device called a 'hub', and the
  −
hub is connected to the server. A hub is a common connection point
  −
for devices in a network.
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
  −
Do you know what can be shared in a computer network? You can share
  −
files, information and even some hardware devices using a computer
  −
network.
  −
 
  −
  −
What is the use of sharing information over a computer network? You
  −
might have booked train or bus tickets when you travel across the
  −
state. To book a ticket you need to find out which train or bus goes
  −
from your place to wherever you want to go and also if the tickets
  −
are available on the dates you want to travel. If your computer is
  −
connected to the computer in a railway reservation office which has
  −
the information about the trains and ticket availability, you can
  −
book tickets from home. Such a connection of computers is called an
  −
'''Internet connection.''' Information is communicated and shared
  −
between the two computers, through such an Internet connection.
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
If you want information about some book available in your library,
  −
you can connect to the library's computer from home and get the
  −
information that you want. There are many such computers in different
  −
organisations giving us different types of information. These
  −
computers are all connected to one another. This is called the
  −
'''Internet.'''
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
So, for sharing or getting information from another computer on the
  −
Internet, you need a connection to the Internet.
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
'''What do you need to connect to the Internet?'''
  −
 
  −
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_b6ef5d3.png]]
  −
''Modem''
  −
 
  −
Before you can connect to the Internet, you must have a
  −
computer, a modem (A modem is a hardware device that allows a
  −
computer to transmit data over telephone or cable lines) and access
  −
to a telephone line which is connected to the Internet and a software
  −
to connect.
  −
 
  −
 
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m18aa5759.png]]
  −
''Data
  −
card''
  −
 
  −
You can also use a device called data card for connecting to
  −
the internet without any wire connections. The data cards use the
  −
mobile phones network to connect to the internet.
  −
 
  −
  −
The connection software is provided usually by the service providers
  −
(which are mostly telephone companies)
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
== World Wide Web (WWW) ==
  −
  −
There are millions of pages of shared information on the computers in
  −
the network, created by many people and organizations, in the form of
  −
'web pages' accessed using a software application called a 'web
  −
browser'. This information network is called the World Wide Web. The
  −
source of information is called the web site. A web site is a
  −
collection of related web pages of information.
  −
 
  −
  −
== Web Browser ==
  −
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2853baf8.png]]Once
  −
you are connected to the Internet and are ready to look for things,
  −
you will need a software called the web Browser. There are many
  −
browsers available like Mozilla Firefox, Windows Internet Explorer,
  −
Apple's Safari, Google Chrome etc. All browsers will have similar
  −
functions. In this chapter you will learn to use Mozilla Firefox to
  −
browse the web. Browse
  −
the web means look for things on the internet.
  −
 
  −
  −
Click on the icon on your top panel to start the Firefox Internet
  −
browser when you are using Ubuntu. You will see a screen like this.
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6d5142b8.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5057183e.gif]]
  −
  −
  −
  −
A website is nothing but a folder on a computer connected to the
  −
Internet, which has a 'address ' . You will have to enter the address
  −
of a website in the address bar (see the picture). This address is
  −
also called Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
  −
 
  −
  −
In the address bar, type [[www.wikipedia.org]]
  −
and press enter. This is a website where you can find information on
  −
many subjects.
  −
 
  −
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_292fca48.png]]
  −
This website has information on many languages. Move the mouse
  −
pointer on English and you will find that the pointer has changed to
  −
a hand. These are links to other sections of the web site. They are
  −
called hyperlinks. A hyperlink is a mechanism by which a web page is
  −
linked to another related web page. Text, images can be made into
  −
hyper links. A
  −
hyperlink is usually underlined.
  −
 
  −
  −
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1afcbe46.png]]
  −
When you click on English, you get the information from the
  −
encyclopedia in English.
  −
 
  −
  −
There are different sections, if you look at the right hand top
  −
corner, giving information about Arts, History, Maths, Science etc.
  −
You can click on Maths and search on a certain topic. Type
  −
multiplication in the search box that you see just above the
  −
different sections. You will get an article about Multiplication.
  −
 
  −
  −
  −
'''Search Engines'''
  −
 
  −
  −
A search engine is used to
  −
search for information on the World Wide Web. It
  −
keeps a track of all web pages. We can search for information we want
  −
by providing a word or a sentence to a search engine. Google is a
  −
very popular search engine. In your browser's address bar type
  −
'[[www.google.com]]'
  −
. In the search box you see type 'sachin tendulkar centuries'. You
  −
will see a list of all the webpages having information about Sachin
  −
Tendulkar's centuries. You can click on the hyper links and get more
  −
information.
  −
 
  −
  −
== Lab exercises ==
  −
  −
== Visit the following websites ==
  −
  −
# kn.wikipedia.org , kannada.samachar.com , irctc.com rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in dsert.kar.nic.in
  −
# Search for NCERT Textbooks for Class VIII using google.com
  −
  −
== Chapter summary ==
  −
  −
# Files, information and even some hardware devices can be shared using a computer network.
  −
# Information is communicated and shared between the computers through an Internet connection.
  −
# A computer, modem and access to a telephone line which is connected to the Internet and a connection software is required to connect to the Internet.
  −
# A web site is a collection of related web pages of information.
  −
# A software application called a web browser is required to look for things on the Internet's World Wide Web.
  −
# A search engine is used to search for information on the World Wide Web
  −
  −
== Exercises ==
  −
  −
Choose the correct answer
  −
 
  −
  −
# Internet is a network of
  −
## Roads 2. Rails 3. Computers 4. Water pipes
  −
#
  −
# Which of these is not a browser
  −
## Safari 2. Chrome 3. Nautilus 4. Firefox
  −
#
  −
# The device used to connect without wires to the Internet is called
  −
## USB Flash drive 2. Data card 3. Memory Card 4.Modem
  −
#
  −
  −
Say True or False
     −
  −
# Internet is a network of computers
  −
# A Modem is required to connect to the Internet without wires
  −
# Wikipedia is a website
  −
# WWW stands for world wide web
  −
# URL stands for Unknown resource locator
  −
   
== Additional Resources ==
 
== Additional Resources ==
   
[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet]]
 
[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet]]
   −
  −
  −
   
= 5.Mind mapping =
 
= 5.Mind mapping =
 
   
 
   
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[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]  
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]  
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1edfa6e3.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2cefd992.gif]]  
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1edfa6e3.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2cefd992.gif]]  
 
   
 
   
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[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m4bf81e5d.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_71b3ab50.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]  
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m4bf81e5d.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_71b3ab50.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]  
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
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''Figure 6''  The topic or main concept is ANIMALS. The different animals are reptiles, mammals, fish, birds, amphibians. List all the animals you know in each category. The mindmap has been started for you. See Figure 6 below. Complete it with all the animals you know.
 
''Figure 6''  The topic or main concept is ANIMALS. The different animals are reptiles, mammals, fish, birds, amphibians. List all the animals you know in each category. The mindmap has been started for you. See Figure 6 below. Complete it with all the animals you know.
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg]]
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]]
 
   
 
   
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_29557353.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_51c4a07a.gif]]
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_29557353.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_51c4a07a.gif]]
Line 3,194: Line 2,143:     
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg]]
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]
 
   
 
   
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6308822b.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2407bc89.gif]]
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6308822b.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2407bc89.gif]]
Line 3,215: Line 2,164:     
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_32fe000d.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_257c28c7.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_32fe000d.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_257c28c7.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
 
   
 
   
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m32c8b606.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m12bc7bcb.gif]]
 
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m32c8b606.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m12bc7bcb.gif]]
Line 3,447: Line 2,396:     
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m65f9e530.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m48e92b5b.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m65f9e530.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m48e92b5b.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
 
   
 
   
   Line 3,536: Line 2,485:  
## Select one of the vertices of the triangle (A,B or C) and move the points ('''Move''' tool) to change the shape of the triangles.
 
## Select one of the vertices of the triangle (A,B or C) and move the points ('''Move''' tool) to change the shape of the triangles.
 
#
 
#
  [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5fe95702.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m43c97b62.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg]]  
+
  [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5fe95702.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m43c97b62.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]  
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
Line 3,581: Line 2,530:  
# Calculate the ratio: In the Input bar write: r1=Distance[A,B]/Distance[A,D]. AB and AD are corresponding sides in the two triangles. Repeat the command for the other two pairs of corresponding sides.
 
# Calculate the ratio: In the Input bar write: r1=Distance[A,B]/Distance[A,D]. AB and AD are corresponding sides in the two triangles. Repeat the command for the other two pairs of corresponding sides.
 
# Change the shape of the triangle by moving the points you are able to move (use the Move tool). Are the triangles still similar? What happens to the ratios?
 
# Change the shape of the triangle by moving the points you are able to move (use the Move tool). Are the triangles still similar? What happens to the ratios?
  [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg]]  
+
  [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]  
    
  [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m20abd1a5.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_385e9bfc.gif]]   
 
  [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m20abd1a5.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_385e9bfc.gif]]   
Line 3,596: Line 2,545:  
## ABCD is your square.
 
## ABCD is your square.
 
## Measure the sides using the '''Distance or Length tool'''. What do you observe? What are the properties of a square?
 
## Measure the sides using the '''Distance or Length tool'''. What do you observe? What are the properties of a square?
## [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg]]Move the points A or B using the '''Move tool. '''Is ABCD still a square?
+
## [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]Move the points A or B using the '''Move tool. '''Is ABCD still a square?
 
#
 
#
 
    
 
    
Line 4,110: Line 3,059:  
|-
 
|-
 
|  
 
|  
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_75c0866a.gif]]  
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_75c0866a.gif]]  
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
Line 4,178: Line 3,127:  
   
 
   
 
# Using a mindmap, map out all what you understand by the term democracy. Work in groups and present it to your classmates and come up with your own definitions of the term.
 
# Using a mindmap, map out all what you understand by the term democracy. Work in groups and present it to your classmates and come up with your own definitions of the term.
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]Create a photo essay of the social and civic issues in your neighbourhood
+
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]Create a photo essay of the social and civic issues in your neighbourhood
 
        
 
        
 
{| border="1"
 
{| border="1"
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[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg]]       
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]]       
 
{| border="1"
 
{| border="1"
 
|-
 
|-
Line 4,280: Line 3,229:     
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg]]       
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]]       
 
{| border="1"
 
{| border="1"
 
|-
 
|-
Line 4,323: Line 3,272:  
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_7d121b88.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]On
+
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_7d121b88.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]On
 
the left side, you can see the different earth views for example
 
the left side, you can see the different earth views for example
 
precipitation in July and December, rainfall in July and December
 
precipitation in July and December, rainfall in July and December
Line 4,336: Line 3,285:  
# Identify the regions where there is heavy rainfall in June and December. Are there any similar regions? What could be the reason?
 
# Identify the regions where there is heavy rainfall in June and December. Are there any similar regions? What could be the reason?
 
# Which are the hot zones on the earth and which are the cold zones? What could be the reason?
 
# Which are the hot zones on the earth and which are the cold zones? What could be the reason?
# Turn the globe upside down. Note down some of the main differences you feel could happen because of this. (For example, Australia on top.)  [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg]]
+
# Turn the globe upside down. Note down some of the main differences you feel could happen because of this. (For example, Australia on top.)  [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]
 
   
 
   
 
        
 
        
Line 4,357: Line 3,306:  
# Prepare a concept map on what you think the environment consists of. What are the environmental problems that you are aware of? Have you observed anything like this in your surrounding areas? It is important for us to participate in saving the environment.
 
# Prepare a concept map on what you think the environment consists of. What are the environmental problems that you are aware of? Have you observed anything like this in your surrounding areas? It is important for us to participate in saving the environment.
 
# How many borewells/ wells are there in and around your school? Are all of them functioning? What do you think could be the reasons for the drying up of borewells? Prepare a note on why ground water conservation is important. You can use the Internet to look for pictures and other websites for your sharing.
 
# How many borewells/ wells are there in and around your school? Are all of them functioning? What do you think could be the reasons for the drying up of borewells? Prepare a note on why ground water conservation is important. You can use the Internet to look for pictures and other websites for your sharing.
# In the first week of every month, record the temperature. Prepare a table of the data that you have collected.                                      {| border="1" |- |    | Minimun  | Maximum  | Rainfall  |- | January  |    |    |    |- | February  |    |    |    |- | …....  |    |    |    |- | December  |    |    |    |} [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m3c0e3d90.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m43ce02a3.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg]]
+
# In the first week of every month, record the temperature. Prepare a table of the data that you have collected.                                      {| border="1" |- |    | Minimun  | Maximum  | Rainfall  |- | January  |    |    |    |- | February  |    |    |    |- | …....  |    |    |    |- | December  |    |    |    |} [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m3c0e3d90.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m43ce02a3.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
 
    
 
    
 
== Additional exercises ==
 
== Additional exercises ==
Line 4,383: Line 3,332:  
and Editing'''
 
and Editing'''
   −
  −
  −
Anupama
  −
Joshi Bindu Thirumalai
  −
  −
  −
Technical
  −
Project Associate, Programme Associate,
  −
  −
  −
IT
  −
for Change IT for Change
  −
  −
  −
  −
Krittika
  −
Vishwanath Sriranjani Ranganathan
  −
  −
  −
Research
  −
Associate, Programme Associate,
  −
  −
  −
IT
  −
for Change IT for Change
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'''Formatting
 
'''Formatting
 
&amp; Copy Editing'''
 
&amp; Copy Editing'''
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[[Category:Textbooks]]
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Srinidhi
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Raghavan
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Research
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Assistant,
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IT
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for Change