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− | [http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Science:_History The Story of Science]
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− | |style=" width:10%; border:none; border-radius:5px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f9f9ff; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; "|[http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Science:_Philosophy Philosophy of Science]
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− | [http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Science:_Pedagogy Teaching of Science]
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− | [http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Science:_Topics Topics in School Science]
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− | [http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Textbooks#Science_-_Textbooks Textbooks]
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− | [http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Science:_Question_Papers Question Bank]
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| While creating a resource page, please click here for a resource creation [http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Resource_Creation_Checklist '''checklist'''] | | While creating a resource page, please click here for a resource creation [http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Resource_Creation_Checklist '''checklist'''] |
− | = Concept Map = | + | === Concept Map === |
− | <mm>[[Acceleration_due_to_gravity.mm|Flash]]</mm>
| + | [[File:Acceleration_due_to_gravity.mm|Flash]] |
| __FORCETOC__ | | __FORCETOC__ |
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− | = Textbook = | + | === Additional resources === |
− | To add textbook links, please follow these instructions to:
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− | ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/textbook|action=edit}} Click to create the subpage])
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− | = Additional information = | |
− | ==Useful websites==
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| #The Value of "g". This is a good [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/U6L3e.cfm resource] to study the variation of “g” at various distances above the Earth's atmosphere. | | #The Value of "g". This is a good [http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circles/U6L3e.cfm resource] to study the variation of “g” at various distances above the Earth's atmosphere. |
| #This [http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2004/06may_lunarranging/ article] examines the Galileo experiment and discusses if there are other possible explanations. | | #This [http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2004/06may_lunarranging/ article] examines the Galileo experiment and discusses if there are other possible explanations. |
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− | ==Reference Books== | + | ===Concept #1 - Gravitational force due to the Earth produces an acceleration=== |
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− | = Teaching Outlines = | |
| #Gravitational force due to the Earth produces an acceleration in the objects. This is the force acting on a freely falling object. | | #Gravitational force due to the Earth produces an acceleration in the objects. This is the force acting on a freely falling object. |
| #The value of acceleration is not dependent on the mass. | | #The value of acceleration is not dependent on the mass. |
| #All freely falling bodies gain same acceleration. | | #All freely falling bodies gain same acceleration. |
− | | + | ====Learning objectives==== |
− | ==Concept #1 - Gravitational force due to the Earth produces an acceleration== | |
− | ===Learning objectives=== | |
| #To understand what causes an object to fall - the force and the acceleration | | #To understand what causes an object to fall - the force and the acceleration |
| #Calculating the value of "g" | | #Calculating the value of "g" |
− | ===Notes for teachers=== | + | ====Notes for teachers==== |
| ''These are short notes that the teacher wants to share about the concept, any locally relevant information, specific instructions on what kind of methodology used and common misconceptions/mistakes.'' | | ''These are short notes that the teacher wants to share about the concept, any locally relevant information, specific instructions on what kind of methodology used and common misconceptions/mistakes.'' |
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| '''Free fall and acceleration due to gravity''' | | '''Free fall and acceleration due to gravity''' |
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| A freely falling body undergoes acceleration. This acceleration is caused by the gravitational force exerted by the larger mass of the Earth. This is referred to as acceleration due to gravity. The Earth also undergoes an acceleration due to the gravitational force exerted by the object. We do not notice it because of the mass of the Earth. This is represented by "g" and has the value of 9.8 m/s^2. | | A freely falling body undergoes acceleration. This acceleration is caused by the gravitational force exerted by the larger mass of the Earth. This is referred to as acceleration due to gravity. The Earth also undergoes an acceleration due to the gravitational force exerted by the object. We do not notice it because of the mass of the Earth. This is represented by "g" and has the value of 9.8 m/s^2. |
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− | For further details and derivation click [http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Notes_on_Acceleration_due_to_gravity here].
| + | ''These are short notes that the teacher wants to share about the concept, any locally relevant information, specific instructions on what kind of methodology used and common misconceptions/mistakes.'' |
− | | |
− | ===Activity No #1 – Observe a freely falling body ===
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− | ''[http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div> | |
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− | * '''Estimated Time''' - 30 minutes
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− | * '''Materials/ Resources needed'''
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− | * '''Prerequisites/Instructions, if any'''
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− | #Good quality clock with high precision of measurement
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− | #This experiment will be difficult to measure
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− | * '''Multimedia resources'''
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− | * '''Website interactives/ links/ simulations'''
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− | * '''Process (How to do the activity)'''<br>
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− | #Ask a child to drop a piece of chalk from terrace
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− | #Start the stop clock as soon as the child drops it.
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− | #Put off the clock as soon as the chalk touches the ground, note down the time taken
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− | #Repeat the same expt with a stone,& calculate the time
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− | * '''Developmental Questions (What discussion questions)'''
| + | '''How do we perceive this weight?''' |
− | #What was the time taken?
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− | #Was it the same?
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− | #Why would it be so?
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− | #Do the students relate it to the equations of motion they have studied?
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− | '''Evaluation (Questions for assessment of the child)'''
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− | * '''Question Corner'''
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− | ===Activity No #2 - Freely falling Object===
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− | ''[http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
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− | |}
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− | * '''Estimated Time''' - 30 minutes
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− | * '''Materials/ Resources needed''' - Projector
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− | * '''Prerequisites/Instructions, if any'''
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− | * '''Multimedia resources'''
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− | |Image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Falling_ball.jpg/100px-Falling_ball.jpg
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− | |The image on the side, spanning half a second, was captured with a stroboscopic flash at 20 flashes per second. During the first 1⁄20 of a second the ball drops one unit of distance (here, a unit is about 12 mm); by 2⁄20 it has dropped at total of 4 units; by 3⁄20, 9 units and so on. Check [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equations_for_a_falling_body here] for a more detailed description.
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− | * '''Website interactives/ links/ simulations'''
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− | * '''Process (How to do the activity)'''
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− | #Project the picture for the class and discuss the following questions
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− | * '''Developmental Questions (What discussion questions)'''
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− | #Where is the ball at time = 0?
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− | #In the first (1/20)th of a second, what is the distance travelled by ball?
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− | #In the second (1/20)th of a second, what is the distance travelled by ball?
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− | #How does the distance fallen increase with time?
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− | #What can you say about the motion?
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− | * '''Evaluation (Questions for assessment of the child)'''
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− | * '''Question Corner'''
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− | Will the ball also attract the Earth and produce an acceleration?
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− | === How do we perceive this weight? ===
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| When you stand on a surface, the force of the Earth's gravity is acting upon you downwards and there is a normal force exerted by the surface on which you stand. Since you stand on a firm surface and there is no acceleration, the normal force is equal to the gravitational force and this is equal to mg. If an object is suspended from a spring, the gravitational force will be balanced by the tension force in the string. | | When you stand on a surface, the force of the Earth's gravity is acting upon you downwards and there is a normal force exerted by the surface on which you stand. Since you stand on a firm surface and there is no acceleration, the normal force is equal to the gravitational force and this is equal to mg. If an object is suspended from a spring, the gravitational force will be balanced by the tension force in the string. |
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| Weight is that supporting force felt by an object in equilibrium; this opposes and balances the gravitational pull of the Earth. Thus, humans experience their own body weight as a result of this supporting force, which results in a normal force applied to a person by the surface of a supporting object, on which the person is standing or sitting. In the absence of this force, a person would be in free-fall, and would experience weightlessness. It is the transmission of this reaction force through the human body, and the resultant compression and tension of the body's tissues, that results in the sensation of weight. | | Weight is that supporting force felt by an object in equilibrium; this opposes and balances the gravitational pull of the Earth. Thus, humans experience their own body weight as a result of this supporting force, which results in a normal force applied to a person by the surface of a supporting object, on which the person is standing or sitting. In the absence of this force, a person would be in free-fall, and would experience weightlessness. It is the transmission of this reaction force through the human body, and the resultant compression and tension of the body's tissues, that results in the sensation of weight. |
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− | When an object is in equilibrium, it only experiences the gravitational and restoring force/ Weight is mass multiplied by the acceleration due t gravity | + | When an object is in equilibrium, it only experiences the gravitational and restoring force/ Weight is mass multiplied by the acceleration due t gravity. |
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| '''Measured weight can change:''' | | '''Measured weight can change:''' |
− | | + | #when acceleration due to gravity changes |
− | *when acceleration due to gravity changes
| + | #when the object is accelerating (non-inertial frame) |
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− | *when the object is accelerating (non-inertial frame)
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| When used to mean force, magnitude of weight (a scalar quantity), often denoted by an italic letter W, is the product of the mass, m, of the object and the magnitude of the local gravitational acceleration g;. thus: W = mg. When considered a vector, weight is often denoted by a bold letter W. The unit of measurement for weight is that of force, which in the International System of Units (SI) is the newton. | | When used to mean force, magnitude of weight (a scalar quantity), often denoted by an italic letter W, is the product of the mass, m, of the object and the magnitude of the local gravitational acceleration g;. thus: W = mg. When considered a vector, weight is often denoted by a bold letter W. The unit of measurement for weight is that of force, which in the International System of Units (SI) is the newton. |
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| For example, an object with a mass of one kilogram has a weight of about 9.8 newtons on the surface of the Earth, about one-sixth as much on the Moon, and very nearly zero when in deep space far away from all bodies imparting gravitational influence. | | For example, an object with a mass of one kilogram has a weight of about 9.8 newtons on the surface of the Earth, about one-sixth as much on the Moon, and very nearly zero when in deep space far away from all bodies imparting gravitational influence. |
| <br><br> | | <br><br> |
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| '''Earlier concepts of weight''' | | '''Earlier concepts of weight''' |
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− | Concepts of heaviness (weight) and lightness (levity) date back to the ancient Greek philosophers. These were typically viewed as inherent properties of objects. Plato described weight as the natural tendency of objects to seek their kin. To Aristotle weight and levity represented the tendency to restore the natural order of the basic elements: air, earth, fire and water. He ascribed absolute weight to earth and absolute levity to fire. Archimedes saw weight as a quality opposed to buoyancy, with the conflict between the two determining if an object sinks or floats. The first operational definition of weight was given by Euclid, who defined weight as: "weight is the heaviness or lightness of one thing, compared to another, as measured by a balance.". | + | Concepts of heaviness (weight) and lightness (levity) date back to the ancient Greek philosophers. These were typically viewed as inherent properties of objects. Plato described weight as the natural tendency of objects to seek their kin. To Aristotle weight and levity represented the tendency to restore the natural order of the basic elements: air, earth, fire and water. He ascribed absolute weight to earth and absolute levity to fire. Archimedes saw weight as a quality opposed to buoyancy, with the conflict between the two determining if an object sinks or floats. The first operational definition of weight was given by Euclid, who defined weight as: "weight is the heaviness or lightness of one thing, compared to another, as measured by a balance.".<br> |
− | Satellites and weightlessness | + | |
| + | '''Satellites and weightlessness''' |
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| It is a very common misconception that when astronauts are in orbit they are weightless because they are somehow far enough from the earth that the force of earth's gravity does not pull on them. This is totally incorrect. If they were that far away, earth's gravity would not pull on the shuttle either and it would be impossible for it to be in orbit around the earth. | | It is a very common misconception that when astronauts are in orbit they are weightless because they are somehow far enough from the earth that the force of earth's gravity does not pull on them. This is totally incorrect. If they were that far away, earth's gravity would not pull on the shuttle either and it would be impossible for it to be in orbit around the earth. |
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| Gravity (a force we call weight) is actually responsible for keeping the space craft and the astronaut in orbit around the earth. Gravity is still pulling on the astronaut. The feeling of weight;ess is no differenet than when in ree fall. What they are not experiencing is the normal force, which is the opposing force. When that force is gone, we feel say we feel "weightless." In fact, whenever a person is in freefall they feel weightless even though gravity is still causing them to have weight. While in orbit, the space shuttle does not have to push on the astronaut (or anything else in the cabin) to keep him up. The space shuttle and the astronaut are in a constant state of freefall around the earth.<br><br> | | Gravity (a force we call weight) is actually responsible for keeping the space craft and the astronaut in orbit around the earth. Gravity is still pulling on the astronaut. The feeling of weight;ess is no differenet than when in ree fall. What they are not experiencing is the normal force, which is the opposing force. When that force is gone, we feel say we feel "weightless." In fact, whenever a person is in freefall they feel weightless even though gravity is still causing them to have weight. While in orbit, the space shuttle does not have to push on the astronaut (or anything else in the cabin) to keep him up. The space shuttle and the astronaut are in a constant state of freefall around the earth.<br><br> |
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− | ==Concept #2 - Weight==
| + | For further details and derivation click [http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Notes_on_Acceleration_due_to_gravity here]. |
− | ===Learning objectives===
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− | #Every particle has mass; weight is a force acting on a mass due to the gravitational pull.
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− | #This force experienced by an object due to the gravitational pull of the Earth is what we call the weight. Weight is nothing but the force exerted on a mass due to the gravitational pull of the Earth.
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− | ===Notes for teachers=== | + | ====Activities==== |
− | ''These are short notes that the teacher wants to share about the concept, any locally relevant information, specific instructions on what kind of methodology used and common misconceptions/mistakes.''
| + | Observe a freely falling body and watch this short video [[File:apollo-shot.png|200px]]<br> |
− | ===Activity No # === | + | Hammer and feather drop: Click [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogg here] to see Apollo 15 astronaut David Scott on the Moon recreating Galileo's famous gravity experiment. |
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− | ''[http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
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− | |}
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− | * '''Estimated Time'''
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− | * '''Materials/ Resources needed'''
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− | * '''Prerequisites/Instructions, if any'''
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− | * '''Multimedia resources'''
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− | * '''Website interactives/ links/ simulations'''
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− | * '''Process (How to do the activity)'''
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− | * '''Developmental Questions (What discussion questions)'''
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− | * '''Evaluation (Questions for assessment of the child)'''
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− | * '''Question Corner'''
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− | ===Activity No # === | + | ===Concept #2 - How does gravitation cause acceleration=== |
− | {| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
| + | ====Learning objectives==== |
− | |<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f5f5f5; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
| + | #Every object will continue in its state of rest or motion unless acted upon by a force |
− | ''[http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
| + | #This force can be provided by gravitation |
− | |}
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− | * '''Estimated Time'''
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− | * '''Materials/ Resources needed'''
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− | * '''Prerequisites/Instructions, if any'''
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− | * '''Multimedia resources'''
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− | * '''Website interactives/ links/ simulations'''
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− | * '''Process (How to do the activity)'''
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− | * '''Developmental Questions (What discussion questions)'''
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− | * '''Evaluation (Questions for assessment of the child)'''
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− | * '''Question Corner'''
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− | = Project Ideas =
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− | = Fun corner =
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− | [[File:apollo-shot.png|200px]]<br>
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− | Hammer and feather drop: Click [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Apollo_15_feather_and_hammer_drop.ogg here] to see Apollo 15 astronaut David Scott on the Moon recreating Galileo's famous gravity experiment.
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− | '''Usage'''
| + | Create a new page and type <nowiki>{{subst:Science-Content}}</nowiki> to use this template |
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− | Create a new page and type <nowiki>{{subst:Science-Content}}</nowiki> to use this template
| + | [[Category:Science]] |
| + | [[Category:Physics]] |