Difference between revisions of "Mensuration"

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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/index.php/೧೦ನೇ_ತರಗತಿಯ_ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಗಣಿತ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ನೋಡಿ]''</div>
 
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_History The Story of Mathematics]
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[http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_History The Story of Mathematics]
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|style=" width:10%; border:none; border-radius:5px;box-shadow: 10px 10px 10px #888888; background:#f9f9ff; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; "|[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Philosophy Philosophy of Mathematics]
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|style=" width:10%; border:none; border-radius:5px;box-shadow: 10px 10px 10px #888888; background:#f9f9ff; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; "|[http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Philosophy Philosophy of Mathematics]
 
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Pedagogy Teaching of Mathematics]
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[http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Pedagogy Teaching of Mathematics]
 
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Curriculum_and_Syllabus Curriculum and Syllabus]
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[http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Curriculum_and_Syllabus Curriculum and Syllabus]
 
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Topics Topics in School Mathematics]
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[http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Topics Topics in School Mathematics]
 
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Text_Books#Mathematics_-_Textbooks Textbooks]
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[http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Text_Books#Mathematics_-_Textbooks Textbooks]
 
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Question_Papers Question Bank]
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[http://www.karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Question_Papers Question Bank]
 
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While creating a resource page, please click here for a resource creation [http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Resource_Creation_Checklist '''checklist'''].
 
While creating a resource page, please click here for a resource creation [http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Resource_Creation_Checklist '''checklist'''].
  
 
= Concept Map =
 
= Concept Map =
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<mm>[[Mensuration.mm|flash]]</mm>
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__FORCETOC__
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= Textbook =
 
= Textbook =
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#[http://ktbs.kar.nic.in/New/Textbooks/class-x/english/maths/class-x-english-maths-chapter16.pdf Karnataka text book for Class 10, Chapter 16 - Mensuration]
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Please click here for Karnataka and other text books.
  
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#[http://www.ncert.nic.in/ncerts/textbook/textbook.htm?jemh1=13-14 NCERT 10 Textbook Chapter 13-Surface Areas and Volumes]
 
  
 
=Additional Information=
 
=Additional Information=
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{{#widget:Iframe |url=http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/43064607" |width=450 |height=360 |border=1 }}
 
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==Useful websites==
 
==Useful websites==
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#[http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/projects/mepres/allgcse/bs7act1.pdf Download PDF].  This is a good website for interesting activities on mensuration.<br>
 
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#For standard measurements :      http://www.primaryresources.co.uk/maths/mathsE1.htm<br>
 
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#http://www.campusgate.co.in/2011/11/areas-and-mensuration.html
 
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#For general rules while writing units ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units#General_rules<br>
 
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#For teacher reference on dimension. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/163641/dimension<br>
 
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#The metric system is enormously powerful as a standard measurement system.  In this video, you can explore from the very small to the very large and appreciate what a degree of ten means!
 
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{{#widget:YouTube|id=0fKBhvDjuy0}}
 
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==Reference Books==
 
==Reference Books==
  
 
= Teaching Outlines =
 
= Teaching Outlines =
  
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==Concept #1. What is Mensuration ?==
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==Concept #==
 
===Learning objectives===
 
===Learning objectives===
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#units and measurement
 
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# Mensuration is the branch of Mathematics dealing with measurement of angles, length, area, and volume.
 
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# There are standard and non-standard ways of measurements.
 
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# Importance of having standardised measurements.
 
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# The length of the total boundary of a figure is called its perimeter. The Metric unit of perimeter is same as the unit of length - Metre.
 
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# The amount of surface covered by an object is called it area. The Metric unit of area is square metre.
 
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# The capacity of an object to hold is called its volume.
 
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# They should develop the ability to calculate  the area, perimeter, volume or side  of many different figures.
 
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===Notes for teachers===
 
===Notes for teachers===
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Source: http://depts.washington.edu/chemcrs/bulkdisk/chem120A_sum06/handout_CH%201-4%20TIMBER.pdf<br>
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''These are short notes that the teacher wants to share about the concept, any locally relevant information, specific instructions on what kind of methodology used and common misconceptions/mistakes.''
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Summary : Measurement are an important part of our everyday life.  Think about your day; you probably made some measurements. Perhaps you checked your weight by stepping on a scale,measuring shoes to fit your feet in the shoe store, or saw measuring up houses when they are doing renovations etc. If you did not feel well, you may have taken your temperature. To make some soup, you added 2 cups of water to a package mix. If you stopped at the Petrol bunk, you watched the petrol pump measure the number of litres of petrol you put in the car.
 
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===Activity No #1===
 
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for the details of the activity 1 click below<br>
 
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[[Importance of measurements and calculations ]]- What and why to measure?
 
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===Activity No #2===
 
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for the details of the activity 2 click below<br>
 
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[[Importance of measurements and calculations ]]- a discussion
 
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==Concept #2.Informal units of measurements ==
 
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===Learning objectives===
 
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#  The traditional ways of measurements are a type of measure which uses non-standard units such as hand spans, armlengths, footsteps or pattern blocks to measure length, area, etc.
 
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# Non-standard measurements are not always the same but vary from person to person.
 
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===Notes for teachers===
 
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# The teacher can ask the students to gather information regarding earlier traditional measuring ways from their elders and have an initial discussion in the classroom.
 
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===Activity No # 1. ===
 
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for the details of the activity 1 click below<br>
 
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[[Informal units of measurements]]
 
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Estimating distances
 
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
 
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===Activity No # 2. ===
 
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for the details of the activity 2 click below<br>
 
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[[Informal units of measurements]]
 
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Estimating distances
 
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
 
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==Concept #3. Standard units of measurements==
 
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===Learning objectives===
 
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# The ability to obtain accurate measurements and communicate those measurements is a key requirement for progress.
 
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# Standardised measuring units ensure uniformity in meaurements.
 
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# The standard unit for length is metre, for weight id kilogram, for time is second, for temperature is Kelvin and for amount of substance it is mole.
 
  
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===Notes for teachers===
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===Activities===
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A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same physical quantity. Any other value of the physical quantity can be expressed as a simple multiple of the unit of measurement.<br>
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#Activity No #1 '''Concept Name - Activity No.'''
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For example, length is a physical quantity. The metre is a unit of length that represents a definite predetermined length. When we say 10 metres (or 10 m), we actually mean 10 times the definite predetermined length called "metre".<br.
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#Activity No #2 '''Concept Name - Activity No.'''
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The definition, agreement, and practical use of units of measurement have played a crucial role in human endeavour from early ages up to this day. Different systems of units used to be very common. Now there is a global standard, the International System of Units (SI), the modern form of the metric system.
 
  
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===Activity No #1===
 
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for the details of the activity 1 click below<br>
 
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[[Mensuration_Activity_2 | Hunting treasure and measuring]]
 
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
 
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===Activity No #2===
 
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for the details of the activity 2 click below<br>
 
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[[Mensuration_Activity_2 | Hunting treasure and measuring]]
 
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
 
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==Concept # 4. Scale drawing==
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==Concept #==
 
===Learning objectives===
 
===Learning objectives===
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# The process of representing actual distances on paper using proportional distances.
 
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# To understand the definition and meaning of scale
 
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# To learn  about the tools of measuring
 
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===Explanation of few words related to scale drawing=== 
 
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# A Scale drawing is a drawing that shows a real object with accurate sizes except they have all been reduced or enlarged by a certain amount (called the scale).
 
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# Since it is not always possible to draw on paper the actual size of real-life objects such as the real size of a car, an airplane, we need scale drawings to represent the size.
 
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# Drawing to scale is a tool that Engineers use for many different tasks. One key part of every scale drawing is the scaling factor. This number represents the degree to which our scale drawing or scale model has been reduced in size when compared to the original.
 
 
===Notes for teachers===
 
===Notes for teachers===
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===Activity No # 1.(Part A): Representing distances on paper-Introduction to scale drawing ===
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''These are short notes that the teacher wants to share about the concept, any locally relevant information, specific instructions on what kind of methodology used and common misconceptions/mistakes.''
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
 
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[[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Importance_of_measurements_and_calculations#Activity_1_-_Name_of_Activity |Click here]]
 
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*Estimated Time : 1 hour
 
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*Materials/ Resources needed :
 
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# Scale, pencil, graph paper.
 
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
 
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# Skill of measuring and tabulating accurately.
 
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# Knowledge of ratio and proportions.
 
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*Multimedia resources
 
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*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets
 
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*Process:
 
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# This activity can be done in groups by grouping 3 students in each.
 
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# The students should measure distances of library, dinning hall, principal's room, entrance gate, playground etc from their class room using a measuring tape in metres.
 
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# The teacher can mark reference points for each and explain to the students.
 
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# The students should accurately measure and note down.
 
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# After coming to the classroom let the teacher tabulate all distances on the blackboard.
 
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# Next ask the students to represent their observation of distances by drawing their school model on paper.
 
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# Ask them how will they go about it so that the distances are represented proportionately.
 
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# The teacher can then elicit from the students that a proper equivalent unit has to be used for the purpose.
 
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# After this activity she can spell out the term scale and discuss about the blue print of a house, mapping distances, atlas maps, model constructions and so on.
 
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# This activity can be done to introduce the students to the concept of scale drawing.
 
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*Developmental Questions
 
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# What did you measure ?
 
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# What measuring instrument did you select ? Why ?
 
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# What was your reading ?
 
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# which unit do you use ?
 
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*Evaluation
 
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# Were the students able to comprehend which measuring instrument should be used for particular items ?
 
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# Were they taking measurements accurately ?
 
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# Were they able to document their observations appropriately in a tabular form ?
 
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*Question Corner:
 
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# Discuss the applications of scale drawing ?
 
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# What is a scale factor ?
 
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===Activity No # 2(PART B) : Estimating Tile costs===
 
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
 
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[[File:Scale drawing activity.jpeg|300px|left]]
 
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===Activities===
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#Activity No #1 '''Concept Name - Activity No.'''
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#Activity No #2 '''Concept Name - Activity No.'''
  
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=Assessment activities for CCE=
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*Estimated Time :45 minutes
 
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*Materials/ Resources needed:
 
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Graph sheets, scale, pencil,
 
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
 
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# The students should have knowledge about scale drawing.
 
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# They should know about scale factor.
 
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# They should understand that a scaling factor should be maintained as constant throughout the sketches.
 
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# Students should be able to read and understand a scaling factor.
 
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# They should be able to find a scaling factor and create a scale drawing.
 
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# The activity on using standard measuring instruments should be done prior to this activity.
 
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# The students should have been introduced to area, calculations and unit conversions.
 
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*Multimedia resources
 
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*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets
 
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*Process:
 
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# In the above blue print each individual unit is 4 feet.
 
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# Explain the meaning of 1 unit.
 
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# Each ceramic tile costs Rs 80 per square foot.
 
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# How much would it cost to tile the bathroom ?
 
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# How much would it cost to tile Kitchen, Living room and bedroom?
 
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*Developmental Questions
 
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# Along with knowing the length and width of the scale model, what additional information do you need to know ?
 
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# What is the scale factor here.
 
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*Evaluation:
 
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# What is 1 unit in the given blue print.
 
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# What does '1 unit = 4 feet mean' ?
 
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# What are the actual dimensions of each room ?
 
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*Question Corner:
 
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# What all factors do you need to know to estimate the painting costs for each of the rooms.
 
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# Write down the sequential steps for the calculations.
 
  
 
= Hints for difficult problems =
 
= Hints for difficult problems =
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==Mensuration==
 
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Exercise 16.1<br>Problem 7.
 
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1)Craft teacher of a school taught the students to prepare cylindrical pen holders out of card board. In a class of strength 42, if each child prepared a pen holder of radius 5 cm and height 14 cm, how much cardboard was consumed?
 
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<ggb_applet width="800" height="562" version="4.0" 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Statement of the problem:<br> How much cardboard was consumed to  prepare 42 cylindrical pen holders each of radius 5 cm and height 14 cm.<br>
 
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*Interpretation;
 
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Case 1)Pen stand which is open on top and  closed base.
 
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Then we have to calculate Curved surface area of cylinder and area of one circle.
 
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*skills
 
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visualising the cylinder into rectangle and circle
 
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*Assumptions:
 
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Concepts used
 
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#basics of circles -radius
 
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# area of circles
 
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# addition and multiplication of fractions
 
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#unit of area
 
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knowledge to be used
 
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#knowledge of Polygons -Rectangles
 
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# knowledge of measurements
 
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#Formula of CSA of cylinder
 
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#substitution
 
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#computing
 
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#Value of Л
 
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Concepts to be taught
 
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#basics of circles -radius
 
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# area of circles
 
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#relation between circumference of circle and length of rectangle in a cylinder
 
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# addition and multiplication of fractions
 
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#unit of area
 
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solution: r=5cm, h=14cm, Л=<math>{\frac{22}{7}}</math><br>Curved surface area of cylinder and area of one circle= CSA of cylinder+area of circle<br>
 
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=<math>2Лrh+Лr^2</math><br>
 
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=<math>2X{\frac{22}{7}}X5X14+{\frac{22}{7}}X{5^2}</math><br>
 
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=440+78.5<br>
 
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=518.5cm
 
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Cardboard required to prepare 42 penstands= 42X518.5<br>
 
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=<math>21777{cm^2}</math><br>
 
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=<math>2.1777{m^2}</math><br>
 
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Case 2:-  Hollow pen stand: Pen stand which is open both the sides i.e., top and base.
 
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Then we have to calculate Curved surface area of cylinder.<br>
 
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Case 3:-Pen stand which is closed both the sides i.e., top and base.
 
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Then we have to calculate total surface area of cylinder.
 
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Activity
 
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Making use of 2200 cmcardboard sheet how many hollow cylinders of radius 7 cm and height 5 cm can be prepared.
 
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===solved problems on cone Example 10===
 
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#Find the weight of a solid cone whose base is of diameter 14 cm and vertical height 51,
 
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cm, if the material of which it is made weighs 10gm/
 
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*Statement of the problem:What is the weight of a solid cone whose base is of diameter 14 cm and vertical height 51cm, if the material of which it is made weighs 10gm/
 
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*Interpretation;
 
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Calculating the weight of solid cone by calculating its volume.
 
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density of a material is given. it is related to volume and weight.
 
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* Assumptions:
 
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Concepts used
 
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#basics of circles -radius
 
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# area of circles
 
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#  multiplication of fractions
 
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#unit of volume,density and weight
 
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#density
 
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knowledge to be used
 
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#radius=diameter/2
 
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#density=mass/volume
 
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# knowledge of measurements
 
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#Formula of volume of cones
 
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#substitution
 
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#computing
 
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#Value of Л
 
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Concepts to be taught
 
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#density
 
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#units conversion
 
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solution:<br>
 
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d=14cm    r=7cm, h=51cm<br>
 
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Volume of cone=
 
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=<math>\frac{1}{3}{Л}{r^2}h</math><br>
 
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=<math>\frac{1}{3}{X}{\frac{22}{7}}{X}{7^2}{X}51</math><br>
 
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=<math>2618{cm^3}</math><br>
 
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To calculate weight of the solid cone we have to use density of the given material.<br>
 
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density=<math>10gm/{cm^3}</math><br>
 
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=<math>{\frac{10Kg}{1000cm^3}}</math><br>
 
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Weight of solid cone=volumeXdensity
 
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=<math>2618{cm^3}{X}{\frac{10Kg}{1000cm^3}}</math><br>
 
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=26.18Kg<br>
 
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====problem on combination of solids example 01====
 
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Problem-03<br>
 
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#A Cylindrical container of radius 6cm and height 15cm is filled with ice cream. The whole ice cream has to be distributed to 10 children in equal cones with hemispherical tops. If the height
 
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of the conical portion is 4 times the radius of its base , find the radius of the cream cones.<br>
 
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[[Image:combinations of solids.png]]<br>
 
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Solution<br>
 
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# Statement of the problem<br>
 
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#A Cylindrical container of radius 6cm and height 15cm is filled with ice cream. The whole ice cream has to be filled in 10  equal cones with hemispherical tops. and the height
 
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of the conical portion is 4 times the radius of its base.<br>.
 
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Assumptions
 
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#Student should know volume of cone,and volume of Hemisphere
 
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# Student should know the value of л=22/7
 
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# Student should know the difference between radius and height
 
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# Student should know the proper substitution simplification
 
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Concepts to be taught
 
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#Let us consider the volume of a cone having hemispherical top =2л
 
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#Volume of Cylindrical container is equated to volume of cone having hemispherical top
 
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Gaps
 
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# Comparision between the volumes of cylinder and (cone+Hemisphere)
 
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Skills
 
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# To imagine a cone , Hemisphere,and cylinder
 
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# To imagine a cone having Hemispherical top
 
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Algorthem<br>
 
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Part 1:<br> To derive the volume of a cone with hemispherical top<br>
 
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#volume of a cone with hemispherical top<br>=<math>{\frac{1}{3}}л{r^2}h+{\frac{2}{3}}л{r^3}</math><br>
 
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=<math>{\frac{1}{3}}л4r +{\frac{2}{3}}л{r^3}</math>(on simplification)<br>
 
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=<math>2л{r^3}</math><br> 
 
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Part 2 :<br>To calculate the volume of 10 cone with hemispherical top<br>
 
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=<math>10X2л{r^3}</math><br> 
 
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=<math>20л{r^3}</math><br>
 
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To  calculate the volume of ice-cream in cylindrical container<br>
 
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=<math>л{r^2}h</math><br>
 
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= л X6X6X15<br>
 
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=540лc<br>
 
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Part 3 :<br>To apply condition given in the problem<br>
 
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volume of 10 cone with hemispherical top= volume of cylindrical container<br>
 
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<math>20л{r^3}</math> =540л<br>
 
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<math>{r^3}</math>=<math>{\frac{540л}{20л}}</math><br>
 
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=27<br>
 
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r=3cm<br>
 
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Hence the radius of cream cones=3cm
 
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=
 
  
 
= Project Ideas =
 
= Project Ideas =
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Projects Given for the Different Groups<br>
 
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Students Will be divided into different groups and each group is named as cylinder,cone,pyramid etc<br>
 
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'''Group-01(cylinder)<br>'''
 
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Students of this group will be asked to make different cylinders say Hallow cylinder,Solid cylinder,cylinder with a base without top etc using cardboard.<br>
 
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Now Students should have to write the following<br>
 
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# Different properties of Cylinder<br>
 
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# Different formulae (LSA,TSA,VOLUME of Cylinder)
 
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# Procedure:<br>
 
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*Materials used in making cylinder<br>
 
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*Different cuttings that they made <br>
 
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*Measurements of those cuttings<br>
 
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NOTE:<br>
 
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The Students of other groups will be asked to follow the same method mentioned above<br>
 
  
 
= Math Fun =
 
= Math Fun =
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'''Usage'''
 
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Create a new page and type <nowiki>{{subst:Math-Content}}</nowiki> to use this template
 

Revision as of 15:23, 13 August 2015

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Concept #

Learning objectives

Notes for teachers

These are short notes that the teacher wants to share about the concept, any locally relevant information, specific instructions on what kind of methodology used and common misconceptions/mistakes.

Activities

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  2. Activity No #2 Concept Name - Activity No.

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