Labour and employment
| Philosophy of Social Sciences |
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Concept Map
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Textbook
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Please read Chapter 2 in the NCERT Standard 9 textbook titled 'People as Resource' as a background to this chapter
Additional References
How the topic is discussed in NCERT Books
Useful websites
- Labour economics in Wikipedia
- Employment
- International Labour Organization (ILO) website. ILO is a United Nations Agency responsible for the area of labor
Reference Books
Teaching Outlines
Please describe the key ideas to be conveyed in this section. Also broken down in details by each idea
Key Idea - Introduction to Labour and Employment
Basic introduction to labour as a factor of production, the special features of labour vis-a-vis other factors of production
What are the key ideas to be covered
Learning objectives
To understand the basics of the concept of labour To understand the concept of division of labour
Notes for teachers
In Class 8, we studied about the various inputs needed in production. To recall, they are land, labour, physical capital and human capital. Labour and human capital are closely related, and this chapter explores both concepts in detail.
Labour refers to the actual time spent in production – working in factories, tilling the land, teaching in school etc. Labourer is not an abstract factor of production, labourers are people who want good jobs that pay them sufficient wages. They also want good working conditions including paid holidays, health care and regular training. India has 486.6 million (2012) people or 40% of its population in its labour force, which is the second highest in the world, after China. Of this, 53% are in agriculture, 19% are in industry and 28% in services (2011). The labour force consists of people between ages 15 years and 60 years.
Human capital refers to skills and abilities of people that are useful in production. People acquire these skills through investing in education and training. Several studies have shown that education is positively correlated with earnings, meaning that more educated people are likely to earn higher in the labour market. Health is also an important factor in contributing to human capital formation. Healthier people are more productive and therefore earn higher. Therefore, investments in education and health are important to raise human capital in the economy.
Division of labour refers to the process of separation of a work process into a number of tasks, and each task is performed by a separate person. It is most useful in mass production in factories, and is a basic principle of assembly line production. This leads to specialization because each person performs a specific task regularly, and so becomes skilled at that task.
Activity No 1 - Presentation and discussion on Labour and its features
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Activity No 2
Identifying the breakdown of the work process in a modern factory.
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what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-division-of-labour
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What factors would you consider in assessing if division of labour is useful or not? In many societies, division of labour is on the basis of gender, men go for 'outside work' which is paid for, while women do work that is not compensated. What are your views on this?
Key Idea #
What are the key ideas to be covered
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- What questions can you ask
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- Question Corner
Activity No #
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- Relevant local connections - people, places and materials
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- What questions can you ask
- Assessments - incorporating elements of CCE
- Question Corner
Key Idea #
What are the key ideas to be covered
Learning objectives
Notes for teachers
Activity No #
- Estimated Time
- Materials/ Resources needed
- Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
- Multimedia resources
- Relevant local connections - people, places and materials
- Website interactives/ links
- Process
- What questions can you ask
- Assessments - incorporating elements of CCE
- Question Corner
Activity No #
- Estimated Time
- Materials/ Resources needed
- Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
- Multimedia resources
- Relevant local connections - people, places and materials
- Website interactives/ links
- Process
- What questions can you ask
- Assessments - incorporating elements of CCE
- Question Corner
Project Ideas
Community Based Project
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