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Kn Modals (view source)

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Modals ಮಾದರಿಗಳು
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Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs like can, could, shall, must etc. which have grammatical functions like forming tenses, questions and passives.
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ಮಾದರಿ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು can, could, shall, must ಮುಂತಾದ ಸಹಾಯಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳಾಗಿವೆ. ಇದು ಕಾಲ, ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ನಿಷ್ಕ್ರಿಯಗಳನ್ನು ರೂಪಿಸುವಂತಹ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ.
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Can & Could
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Can: “Can” is used to express ability, willingness, permission, or possibility. The negative of can is “cannot” or the contraction “can’t”.
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ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ, ಇಚ್ಛೆ, ಅನುಮತಿ ಅಥವಾ ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆಯನ್ನು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಲು "Can" ಅನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. Canನ ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ ರೂಪವೆಂದರೆ “cannot” ಅಥವಾ ಸಂಕೋಚನವು “can’t”.
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Example: I can cook dinner.
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In this example “can” expresses the ability to cook dinner.
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Example: Can you pass me the sauce?
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In this example “Can” expresses the willingness to pass the ketchup.
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Example: Can I use your pencil?
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In this example “Can” expresses the permission to use your pencil.
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Example: Intense light can hurt your eyes.
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In this example “can” expresses the possibility of intense light to hurt your eyes.
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Identify the function of ‘can’ in each of the following sentences
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I can tie my shoes.
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2) Can I have a piece of gum?
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3) If you ride a motorcycle, you can fall.
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4) Can you get me a drink of water?
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5) I can speak English well.
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Could: “Could” has at least three functions. First, it can replace “can” and give the phrase a more conditional tone. Second, it can function as the past tense of “can”. Third, it can function in the same way as “might” or “may”, suggesting that something is a possibility. The negative of can is “could not” or the contraction “couldn’t”.
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"Could" ಕನಿಷ್ಠ ಮೂರು ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಮೊದಲಿಗೆ, ಇದು "can" ಅನ್ನು ಬದಲಿಸಬಹುದು ಮತ್ತು ಪದಗುಚ್ಛಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಷರತ್ತುಬದ್ಧ ಧ್ವನಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಬಹುದು. ಎರಡನೆಯದಾಗಿ, ಇದು "can" ನ ಭೂತಕಾಲವಾಗಿ  ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಮೂರನೆಯದಾಗಿ, ಇದು "might " ಅಥವಾ "may" ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಿಸಿ , ಏನಾದರೂ ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆಯಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಕ್ಯಾನ್‌ನ ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ ರೂಪವೆಂದರೆ “could not” ಅಥವಾ ಸಂಕೋಚ ರೂಪವು  “couldn’t”.
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Example: You could have been an astronaut if you wanted to.
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In this example “could” expresses the conditional ability to be an astronaut in the past.
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Example: He couldn’t let me have his bike because he needed it.
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In this example “couldn’t” expresses the lack of permission to have his bike in the past.
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Example: Rani could be at the store right now.
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In this example “could” expresses the possibility that Rani is at the store in the present.
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“Could” functions the same way as “might” or “may” in this sentence.
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Circle the correct auxiliary modal verb in each sentence.
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I (could, can) help you with your homework now.
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Five years ago, I (cannot, couldn’t) play the piano.
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I (can, could) get an A on the test.
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I (can, could) run ten miles if I train hard enough.
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We (can, could) speak English well.
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Will & Would
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Will: “Will” is used when you are volunteering to do something in the future, or when you are deciding at the time of speaking to do something in the future. The negative of will is “will not” or the contraction “won’t”
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ನೀವು ಭವಿಷ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಏನನ್ನಾದರೂ ಮಾಡಲು ಸ್ವಯಂಸೇವಕರಾಗಿರುವಾಗ ಅಥವಾ ಭವಿಷ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಏನನ್ನಾದರೂ ಮಾಡಲು ಮಾತನಾಡುವ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸುವ ವೇಳೆಯಲ್ಲಿ  "Wil" ಅನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. will ನ  ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕತೆಯು "will not" ಅಥವಾ ಸಂಕೋಚ ರೂಪ  "won’t".
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Example: I will cook dinner.
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In this example “will” is used to volunteer to cook dinner in the future.
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Example: I think I will go to the beach this Sunday.
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In this example “will” is used to express a future action that is being decided upon at the time of speaking.
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Would: “Would” has several functions. First, it functions as the past tense of “will”. Second, it functions as the conditional mood of “will”. Third, it is used to be polite. The negative of would is “would not” or the contraction “wouldn’t”.
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"Would" ಹಲವಾರು ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಮೊದಲನೆಯದಾಗಿ, ಇದು "will" ನ ಭೂತಕಾಲವಾಗಿ  ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಎರಡನೆಯದಾಗಿ, ಇದು "will" ನ ಷರತ್ತುಬದ್ಧ ಮನಸ್ಥಿತಿಯಾಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಮೂರನೆಯದಾಗಿ, ಅದನ್ನು ಸೌಮ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಮಾತನಾಡುವಾಗ  ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. willನ  ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ ಅಂಶವೆಂದರೆ “would not” ಅಥವಾ ಸಂಕೋಚವು “wouldn’t”.
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Example: I would try to act like my father when I was young.
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In this example “would” functions as the past tense of “will”.
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Example: I would get a tan if I worked at the pool.
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In this example “would” functions as the conditional mood of “will”.
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Example: I would like more tea please.
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In this example “would” is used to be polite.
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Circle the correct auxiliary modal verb in each sentence.
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1) My dog and I (would, will) go for walks when she was younger.
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2) I (will, would) buy new shoes if I had enough money.
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3) I am feeling tired. I think I (would, will) go to sleep now.
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4) I (will, would) like more milk whenever its available.
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5) I don’t think we (will, would) ever win the game.
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Shall & Should
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Shall: “Shall" is a modal verb used to indicate future action. It is most used in sentences with "I" or "we," and is often found in suggestions, such as "Shall we go?" "Shall" is also frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. .
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"Shall" ಎಂಬುದು ಭವಿಷ್ಯದ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸಲು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುವ ಒಂದು ಮಾದರಿ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದನ್ನು "I" ಅಥವಾ "we," ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು "Shall we go?"  ಮೊದಲಾದ ಸಲಹಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. "Shall" ಅನ್ನು  ಆಗಾಗ್ಗೆ ಭರವಸೆಗಳು ಅಥವಾ ಸ್ವಯಂಪ್ರೇರಿತ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
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Example: Shall I help you?
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The above example is a suggestion
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Example: I shall never forget where I came from.
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The above example is a promise
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Should: “Should” indicates obligation and probability
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Example: You should not smoke at all.
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The above example is an obligation
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Example: There should be an extra key for the lock in the drawer.
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The above example is a probability
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May & Might
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May and might both indicate possibility, but might can suggest that there is less possibility than may.  
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May ಮತ್ತು Might ಎರಡೂ ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆಯನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.  ಆದರೆ  Might May ಗಿಂತ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆಯಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಸೂಚಿಸಬಹುದು.
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Examples:
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It may rain later. (stronger possibility)
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It might rain later. (lesser possibility)
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Must
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Must indicates necessity.
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Examples:
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You must leave now.
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He must study hard.
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Question Tags
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Shyam, an 18 year old college student sees a beautiful girl on the first day of college. He tries to talk to her. She avoids him.
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{| class="wikitable"
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|The next day, Shyam overhears the girl’s friend say ‘Bye Geetha’ to her.
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Shyam      : You are Geetha, aren’t you?
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Geetha      : (surprised) Yes.
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Shyam      : (looks at the science book in her hand)
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                   You are a science student, aren’t you?
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Geetha      : Yes, of course
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Shyam      : (looks at the tennis racket in her bag)
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                   You play tennis, don’t you?
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Geetha      : (very surprised) Yes, indeed.
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Shyam       : You’ll join me for a cup of coffee, won’t you?
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Geetha      : (laughs) Yes.
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|}
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In the conversation given above, the boy, Shyam wants Geetha to confirm the statements made by him. To get her confirmation, he uses constructions like the following.
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ಮೇಲಿನ ಸಂಭಾಷಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ, ಹುಡುಗ, ಶ್ಯಾಮ್  ನೀಡಿದ ಹೇಳಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಗೀತಾ ಖಚಿತಪಡಿಸಲು ಬಯಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅವಳ ದೃಢೀಕರಣವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯಲು, ಅವನು ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನ ರೀತಿಯ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾನೆ.
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       You are Geetha, aren’t you?
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       You play tennis, don’t you?
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These constructions are called Question Tags. They are like yes/no questions. In speech, a speaker often expects the person addressed to agree with him/her. In such situations, a question tag is used.
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ಈ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣಗಳನ್ನು Question Tag ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಅವು ಹೌದು/ಇಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳು. ಭಾಷಣದಲ್ಲಿ, ಒಬ್ಬ ಭಾಷಣಕಾರನು ಸಂಬೋಧಿಸಿದ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯು ಅವನ/ಅವಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕೆಂದು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ನಿರೀಕ್ಷಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ. ಅಂತಹ ಸಂದರ್ಭಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ ಅನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
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A question tag always contains the auxiliary and the subject of the main sentence.
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Question Tag ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಸಹಾಯಕ ಮತ್ತು ಮುಖ್ಯ ವಾಕ್ಯದ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತದೆ.
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       Geetha is beautiful, isn’t she?
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If the main sentence is positive, the tag will be negative.
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       e.g. It is raining, isn’t it?
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If the main sentence is negative, the tag will be positive.
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       e.g. It isn’t raining, is it?
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We use different auxiliaries to form question tags depending upon the form or tense of the main sentence.
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ಮುಖ್ಯ ವಾಕ್ಯದ ರೂಪ ಅಥವಾ ಉದ್ವಿಗ್ನತೆಗೆ ಅನುಗುಣವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ tagಗಳನ್ನು ರೂಪಿಸಲು ನಾವು ವಿವಿಧ ಸಹಾಯಕಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತೇವೆ.
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We use tag questions just to confirm somebody’s agreement or to confirm if you’re right.
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ಯಾರೊಬ್ಬರ ಒಪ್ಪಂದವನ್ನು ದೃಢೀಕರಿಸಲು ಅಥವಾ ನೀವು ಸರಿ ಎಂದು ಖಚಿತಪಡಿಸಲು ನಾವು tag ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತೇವೆ.
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This depends on how we say the tag sentence.
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ಇದು ನಾವು tag ವಾಕ್ಯವನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಹೇಳುತ್ತೇವೆ ಎಂಬುದರ ಮೇಲೆ ಅವಲಂಬಿತವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.
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If our voice goes down, we call it a falling tone. This is used to make a statement or comment on something/somebody. We are sure about something and simply want somebody’s agreement.
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ನಮ್ಮ ಧ್ವನಿ ಕಡಿಮೆಯಾದರೆ, ನಾವು ಅದನ್ನು falling tone ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತೇವೆ. ಯಾವುದನ್ನಾದರೂ/ಯಾರಾದರೂ ಹೇಳಿಕೆ ನೀಡಲು ಅಥವಾ ಕಾಮೆಂಟ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಇದನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ನಾವು ಯಾವುದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಖಚಿತವಾಗಿರುತ್ತೇವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಯಾರೊಬ್ಬರ ಒಪ್ಪಿಗೆಯನ್ನು ಬಯಸುತ್ತೇವೆ.
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         Teaching is rewarding, isn’t it?
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If our voice goes up, we call it a rising tone. This means we are asking a question and would like an answer. We are not sure.
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ನಮ್ಮ ಧ್ವನಿ ಏರಿದರೆ, ನಾವು ಅದನ್ನು  rising tone ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತೇವೆ. ಇದರರ್ಥ ನಾವು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಯನ್ನು ಕೇಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಉತ್ತರವನ್ನು ಬಯಸುತ್ತೇವೆ. ನಮಗೆ ಖಚಿತವಿಲ್ಲ.
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          You’re a teacher, aren’t you?
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Most of the time we use question tags with a falling tone.
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ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಸಮಯ ನಾವು question tags ಅನ್ನು  ಬೀಳುವ ಧ್ವನಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ  ಬಳಸುತ್ತೇವೆ.
 
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