Difference between revisions of "Circles"

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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/index.php/ವೃತ್ತಗಳು ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ನೋಡಿ]''</div>
 
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_History The Story of Mathematics]
 
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_History The Story of Mathematics]
|style=" width:10%; border:none; border-radius:5px;box-shadow: 10px 10px 10px #888888; background:#f9f9ff; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; "|[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Philosophy Philosophy of Mathematics]
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| style=" width:10%; border:none; border-radius:5px;box-shadow: 10px 10px 10px #888888; background:#f9f9ff; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; " |[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Philosophy Philosophy of Mathematics]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Pedagogy Teaching of Mathematics]
 
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Pedagogy Teaching of Mathematics]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Curriculum_and_Syllabus Curriculum and Syllabus]
 
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Curriculum_and_Syllabus Curriculum and Syllabus]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Topics Topics in School Mathematics]
 
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Topics Topics in School Mathematics]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Text_Books#Mathematics_-_Textbooks Textbooks]
 
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Text_Books#Mathematics_-_Textbooks Textbooks]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Question_Papers Question Bank]
 
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Question_Papers Question Bank]
 
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While creating a resource page, please click here for a resource creation [http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Resource_Creation_Checklist '''checklist'''].
 
While creating a resource page, please click here for a resource creation [http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Resource_Creation_Checklist '''checklist'''].
  
= Concept Map =
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=== Concept Map ===
<mm>[[circle.mm|flash]]</mm>
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[[File:circle.mm|flash]]
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 +
== Introduction ==
 +
The following is a background literature for teachers. It summarises the things to be known to a teacher to teach this topic more effectively . This literature is meant to be a ready reference for the teacher to develop the concepts, inculcate necessary skills, and impart knowledge in Geometry - Circles from Class 6 to Class 10.
 +
 
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The first step is to understand how to define circles and related terms using geometric vocabulary. The next step is to understand what is Pi. That it is a constant and that for any circle the ratio of the circumference by the diameter is always a constant value Pi. The interesting properties of Pi – an irrational number can also be discussed here in the basic form. Ability for the child to do simple area and perimeter calculations. Next the learner should understand that the circle is a 2 dimensional plane figure and how to visualise solid 3-dimensional figures. What are the solid shapes that have a circle as a part of them. Mensuration – more complex area measurements which include circular shapes. Surface Area and Volume measurement of sold shapes such as cylinder, sphere and cone. Understand the properties of the circles by proving theorems deductively. Also acquire the skills of deductive proofs, understand that all the properties can be deduced from the axioms. Understand the relationship between lines and circles – secant and tangent
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== Additional Resources[edit | edit source] ==
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 +
=== Resource Title ===
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[http://www.mathopenref.com/tocs/circlestoc.html Circles and Arcs]
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[http://www.learnalberta.ca/content/mejhm/index.html?l=0&ID1=AB.MATH.JR.SHAP&ID2=AB.MATH.JR.SHAP.CIRC Circles]   
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=== OER[edit | edit source] ===
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# Web resources :
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##[http://www.coolmath.com/reference/circles-geometry.html Cool math] For clear and easy definitions.
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##[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_circle#History Wikipedia] Has good explanations on circles.
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##[http://www.khanacademy.org Khan academy] Has good educative videos.
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##[http://www.arvindguptatoys.com Arvind gupta toys] Contains good information.
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# Books and journals
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## [http://archive.org/stream/schoolgeometry00hall#page/n11/mode/2up School Geometry] By Hall and Stevens. Part3 pageno 143. Contains basic definitions and proofs given by Euclid.
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# Textbooks:
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## [http://ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm?iemh1=10-15 Class 9 Mathematics] contain simple description and theorems on circle
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## [http://ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm?jemh1=10-14 CLASS 10]
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# Syllabus documents
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=== Non-OER[edit | edit source] ===
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# Web resources
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#*[http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/circle.html maths is fun]Here you get description of terms of circles
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#*[http://www.scribd.com/doc/11489830/Circles-Intresting-Facts Intersting facts] this web link is full of circle facts.
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#*[http://www.sparknotes.com/math/geometry1/circles/section4.rhtml sparknotes] Gives some more details about properties of circles
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#*[http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/geometry/GP14/PracCircleSegments.htm www.regentsprep.com] conatins good objective problems on chords and secants
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#*[http://www.mathwarehouse.com/geometry/circle/tangents-secants-arcs-angles.php www.mathwarehouse.com] contains good content on circles for different classes
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#*[http://staff.argyll.epsb.ca/jreed/math20p/circles/tangent.htm staff.argyll]  contains good simulations
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#*[http://www.mathopenref.com/circle.html Open reference] Contains good simulations.
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#*[http://nrich.maths.org/2490 nrich.maths.org] Refer for understanding Pi.
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#*This is a video showing construction of tangent at any point on a circle
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{{#widget:YouTube|id=LLKFqv71i0s|left}}
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This is a resource file created by Suchetha, Mathematics teacher, GJC Thyamangondlu
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*This is a video showing construction of tangent from external point and theorem
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{{#widget:YouTube|id=xvXaxx1u-iA|left}}
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This is a resource file created by Suchetha, Mathematics teacher, GJC Thyamangondl
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 +
*This is a video showing Transverse common tangent
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 +
{{#widget:YouTube|id=LA7afvv4u-A}}
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This is a resource file created by Gireesh KS , Assistant Teacher, GHS jalige, Bangalore Rural District
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 +
** you want see the kannada videos on theorems and construction of circle [http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/index.php/%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%A6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_-_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81 click here] this is shared by Yakub koyyur GHS Nada.
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# Books and journals
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# Textbooks
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##[http://ktbs.kar.nic.in/New/Textbooks/class-x/english/maths/class-x-english-maths-chapter14.pdf Karnataka text book for Class 10, Chapter 14 - Chord properties]
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##[http://ktbs.kar.nic.in/New/Textbooks/class-x/english/maths/class-x-english-maths-chapter15.pdf Karnataka text book for Class 10, Chapter 15 - Tangent Properties]
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# Syllabus documents (CBSE, ICSE, IGCSE etc)
 +
== Learning Objectives ==
 +
* Appreciation of circle as an important shape as it is an intrical component in the invention of almost everything that we see around us.
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* To make students know that circle is a 2-dimensional plane circular figure.
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* All points on its edge are equidistant from the center.
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* The method of drawing a circle
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* The size of the circle is defined by its radius.
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* To elicit the difference between a bangle or a circular ring and circle as such.
 +
 
 +
== Teaching Outlines ==
 +
 
 +
==== Concept #1 Introduction to Circle ====
 +
When I tell people that circles are the mother of all inventions, the first thing they ask is, “circles are inventions?”
 +
 
 +
Yes, a circle isn’t something that exists in nature. It isn’t something that people discovered like gold or the new lands of America. It is a mental construct, a symbolic representation that was invented much the same as language and the alphabet.
 +
 
 +
There is no way to be certain, but anthropologists generally agree that the circle was created long before recorded history. It is quite likely that it was drawn by a stick in the sand. With the sun being a constant in early man’s existence and the source of all life, it is quite likely that the first circle represented the sun.
 +
 
 +
Through the years man’s understanding of the circle has evolved substantially with Euclidean geometry being its crowning point of technological understanding. (Having said that, I assure you this blog is not going to be about mathematics or boring scientific equations.)
 +
 
 +
What we will say that is without the rudimentary understanding of circles, the world would not be anything like it is today. Without circles, there would be no wheel, which is man’s crowning achievement dating back to the Neolithic Age (circa 9500 BC).
 +
 
 +
The three other great achievements are the ability to make fire, the agriculture of crops, and the domestication of animals. While the circle didn’t have any direct bearing on these advancements, the understanding of circles certainly contributed to their proliferation and expansion.
 +
 
 +
Besides the wheel, pulleys, gears, ball bearings and a thousand other items we take for granted wouldn’t exist. And of course we would never have the pleasure of driving a car, riding a Ferris wheel, or watching the moon landing on our television set.
  
= Textbook =
+
If you look through any old patent claim, you will most likely find the repeated use of circles, spheres, curves, arches, etc. They are an intrinsic component in the invention of almost everything that we see around us.
==ncert books==
 
[http://ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm?iemh1=10-15 Class 9 Mathematics] contain simple description and theorems on circles.
 
  
=Additional Information=
+
I had a microbiologist challenge me that his field didn’t have much use for circles. Not knowing anything about microbiology, I asked him what was the shape of the lens in his microscope.
==Useful websites==
 
#[http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/circle.html maths is fun] A good website on definitions for circles.
 
#[http://www.coolmath.com/reference/circles-geometry.html Cool math] For clear and easy definitions.
 
#[http://www.mathopenref.com/circle.html Open reference] Contains good simulations.
 
#[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_circle#History Wikipedia] Has good explanations on circles.
 
#[http://www.khanacademy.org Khan academy] Has good educative videos.
 
#[http://www.arvindguptatoys.com Arvind gupta toys] Contains good information.
 
#[http://nrich.maths.org/2490 nrich.maths.org] Refer for understanding Pi.
 
  
==Reference Books==
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The circle is the most primitive and rudimentary of all human inventions, and at the same time, the most dynamic. It is the cornerstone in the foundation of science and technology. It is the basic tool of all engineers and designers. It is used by the greatest artists and architects in the history of mankind.
#[http://archive.org/stream/schoolgeometry00hall#page/n11/mode/2up School Geometry] By Hall and Stevens. Part3 pageno 143. Contains basic definitions and proofs given by Euclid.
 
  
= Teaching Outlines =
+
And it doesn’t exist except in our mental construct. It is a symbol, not a thing. We talk about it in every language on earth. It is written about in millions of textbooks and all over the Internet, and yet we cannot put it in a wheel barrel. It doesn’t exist in a three dimensional world or even a two dimensional world. It is merely a representation.
Introduction to circle
 
  
==Concept #1 Introduction to Circle==
+
Immanuel Kant’s famous phrase “ding an sich” applies to the circle. A circle is not a “thing-in-itself.” It is a semantic fabrication that exists only in our imagination. As Alfred Korzybski, the father of General Semantics, would say, it is “the map, not the territory.”
 +
 
 +
But here we are getting off on a philosophical tangent that might be subject to a future blog entry. For now let’s just say that circles are everything and they are nothing. They don’t exist in reality and yet they are the basis of all that mankind has brought into existence. That is why I think the circle is so fantastic.
  
=Notes for teachers =
 
 
Source: http://circlesonly.wordpress.com/tag/inventions/<br>
 
Source: http://circlesonly.wordpress.com/tag/inventions/<br>
 
Summary :
 
Summary :
Line 50: Line 123:
 
If you look through any old patent claim, you will most likely find the repeated use of circles, spheres, curves, arches, etc.  circles are everything and they are nothing. They don’t exist in reality and yet they are the basis of all that mankind has brought into existence. That is why a circle is so fantastic.
 
If you look through any old patent claim, you will most likely find the repeated use of circles, spheres, curves, arches, etc.  circles are everything and they are nothing. They don’t exist in reality and yet they are the basis of all that mankind has brought into existence. That is why a circle is so fantastic.
  
===Learning objectives===
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=== Circle Properties ===
# Appreciation of circle as an important shape as it is an intrical component in the invention of almost everything that we see around us.
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* A circle is the collection of all points in a plane, which are equidistant from a fixed point in the plane.
# To make students know that circle is a 2-dimensional plane circular figure.
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* Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles)subtend equal angles at the centre.
# All points on its edge are equidistant from the center.
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* If the angles subtended by two chords of a circle(or of congruent circles) at the centre(corresponding centres) are equal, the chords are equal.
# The method of drawing a circle
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* The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
# The size of the circle is defined by its radius.
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* The line drawn through the centre of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
# To elicit the difference between a bangle or a circular ring and circle as such.
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* There is one and only one circle passing through three non-collinear points.
 +
* Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the centre (or corresponding centres).
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* Chords equidistant from the centre (or corresponding centres) of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equal.
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* If two arcs of a circle are congruent, then their corresponding chords are equal and conversely if two chords of a circle are equal, then their corresponding arcs (minor, major) are congruent.
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* Congruent arcs of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.
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* The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
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* Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
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* Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
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* If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points lying on the same side of the line containing the line segment, the four points lie on a circle.
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* The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 1800.
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* If sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 1800, the quadrilateral is cyclic.
  
 +
===Activities===
 +
====[[A discussion on “Life without circular shaped figures.”|A discussion on  “Life without circular shaped figures.”]]====
 +
Discussion based activity to relate and assimilate circular shapes seen in our surroundings.
  
[[File:circle.jpeg|200px]]
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====== [[Circle as a shape|Circle as a shape]] ======
 +
A circle is the set of all points in the plane that are a fixed distance from a fixed point. 
  
===Activity No # 1. A discussion on “Life without circular shaped figures.===
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==== [[Is circle a Polygon ? - A debate|Is circle a Polygon ? - A debate]] ====
{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
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A polygon when increased in number of sides tends to form a circle is shown with this interesting activity.
|<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f5f5f5; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
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====== [[Concentric circles|Concentric circles]] ======
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Drawing concentric circles, with this hands on activity circle as a shape and variations in it is explored.
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 +
====== [[Congruent circles|Congruent circles]] ======
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Equal circles are circles with same radius is a concepts that is introduced in this activity.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Equal parts in a circle]] ======
 +
Dividing a circle in to parts and exploring to divide it into equal parts is show in this activity.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Pi the mathematical constant|Pi the mathematical constant]] ======
 +
 
 +
==== '''Learning Objective''' ====
 +
Show that the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is a constant value – Pi
 +
====Material and Resources Required====
 +
Projector, Pencil, Paper
 +
====Pre-requisites/Instructions====
 +
First for a circle of diameter 1 unit show the Geogebra file
 +
 
 +
[[http://rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in/sites/rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in/files/documents/pi_1.html]]
 +
 
 +
To demonstrate the value of Pi move the slider named a from minimum to maxiumum value and observe the circumference
 +
====Evaluation====
 +
Use the GeoGebra file [[http://rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in/sites/rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in/files/documents/Constant_Pi.html]] and illustrate and verify that the ratio is true for different radius by moving the radius slider and using the table below to compute the values.
 +
 
 +
[[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_14d27306.png|650px|link=]]
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 +
[[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_7b6eda1c.png|650px|link=]]
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{| border="1"
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|-
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|Radius of circle r
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|Circumference of Circle C
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|C/2r
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|-
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|6
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|18.85
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|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
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|-
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|2.5
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|15.71
 +
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
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|-
 +
|.........
 +
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 +
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 
|}
 
|}
*Estimated Time: 45 minutes
 
*Materials/ Resources needed: Paper, pen
 
*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any:
 
Previous day homework :
 
# Ask the children to make a list of all circular objects that they can think of :
 
# List as many devices as you can think of  that depend on the wheel.(Consider objects in your home, at school, games and toys, machines, vehicles and engines as you make your list.)
 
# Now imagine living in a world without any kind of wheels or rolling devices. How would life be different?  Would it be harder? How and why? Describe what it would be like to live without any wheels.
 
*Multimedia resources
 
*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets
 
  
*Process:(How to do the activity)
+
==== Perimeter of a circle ====
Have an open discussion with children. Initially let the children share their ideas and do most of the talking. Ensure that the intended discussion remains within the context. Make a mind map on blackboard of all relavant points discussed . Let them appreciate the significance of circular shape thus setting the stage for further study of this fantastic shape called “circles”.
 
*Developmental Questions :(What discussion questions)
 
# What all shapes do we see around us ?
 
# Can you imagine bicycles and your other vehicles without circular wheels ?
 
# How different life would have been if wheel was not disovered ?
 
# What about potter's wheel  and stone mill?
 
# Do you think that it is necessary for us to study and understand the parameters of circle in depth and detail ?
 
*Evaluation:
 
# Do you all now agree that wheel is one of the greatest inventions of mankind? Justify
 
*Question Corner:
 
# Are  shapes important ? How?
 
# Is bangle a circle ?
 
# When you say shape, what do you mean ?
 
  
===Activity No # 2. ===
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=====Learning Objectives=====
{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
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To apply the use of calculating the perimeter of a circle in a real life example .
|<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f5f5f5; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
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====Material and Resources Required====
''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
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Pencil, Paper
|}
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====Pre-requisites/Instructions====
*Estimated Time
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Draw the following sketch and do the calculations for the evaluation questions. The sketch shows the two main dimensions of a standard 400 metres running track.
*Materials/ Resources needed
+
 
*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
+
[[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_m210a6c46.png|650px|link=]]
*Multimedia resources
+
====Evaluation====
*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets
+
#Calculate the inside perimeter of this shape.
*Process/ Developmental Questions
+
##'''Why do you think that it is not equal to 400 metres? '''The inside runner cannot run at the very edge of the lane (there is normally an inside kerb) but let us assume that the athlete runs at a constant distance of, say, x cm from the inside edge.
*Evaluation
+
#
*Question Corner
+
#What is the radius of the two circular parts run by the athlete in the inside lane?
 +
#
 +
#Show that the total distance travelled, in centimetres, is 2 π (3650 + x ) + 16878 and equate this to 40 000 cm to find a value for x.
 +
##Is it realistic? For 200 m and 400 m races, the runners run in specified lanes. Clearly, the further out you are the further you have to run, unless the starting positions are staggered.
 +
#
 +
#The width of each lane is 1.22 m, and it is assumed that all runners (except the inside one) run about 20 cm from the inside of their lanes.
 +
##With these assumptions, what distance does the athlete in Lane 2 cover when running one complete lap? Hence deduce the required stagger for a 400 m race.
 +
##What should be the stagger for someone running in Lane 3 ?
 +
#
 +
#If there are 8 runners in the 400 m race, what is the stagger of the athlete in Lane 8
 +
compare with that in Lane 1 ? Is there any advantage in being in Lane 1?
 +
 
 +
===== Further Explorations =====
 +
1. This link gives an overview of what Pi is. [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi]]
 +
=== Concept #2 Terms associated with circles ===
 +
 
 +
===== Activities =====
 +
 
 +
====== [[Centre of a circle|Centre of a circle]] ======
 +
All points on a circle are at fixed distance from a point, which is the center of a circle.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Radius and diameter of a circle|Radius and diameter of a circle]] ======
 +
Marking radius and diameter of a circle and understand their relation.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Circumference of a circle|Circumference of a circle]] ======
 +
Measuring circumference to understand it as the perimeter of the shape.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Semicircle|Semicircle]] ======
 +
Partitioning a circle into two halves to form semicircles by drawing diameter.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Interior and exterior of a circle|Interior and exterior of a circle]] ======
 +
Points on the planar surface of the circle within its circumference are said to be  interior points and points on the outside of circumference are said to be its exterior points.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Basic elements of a circle]] ======
 +
Investigation to understand basic parameters associated with circles.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Chord of a circle|Chord of a circle]] ======
 +
Chords of a circle are of different sizes.The length of the chord increases as it moves closer to the centre and decreases as it moves away from the center.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Arc of a circle|Arc of a circle]]  ======
 +
The part of the circumference within the two points in either directions are called its arcs.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Sector of a circle|Arcs and Sector of a circle]] ======
 +
Slice of a circle enclosed between any two radii is called a sector.Semicircle and quadrant are special types of sectors.
 +
 
 +
=== Concept #3: Circles and Lines ===
 +
 
 +
===== Activities =====
 +
 
 +
====== [[Introduction to chords]] ======
 +
A chord is the interval joining two distinct points on a circle. This activity investigates formation of chord and compares with the diameter of the circle.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Activity1 Angles in the same segment are equal]] ======
 +
 
 +
====== [[Angle subtended by an arc]] ======
 +
 
 +
====== [[Secant and tangent of a circle]] ======
 +
A tangent is a line touching a circle in one point.  A secant is the line through two distinct points on a circle.
 +
 
 +
=== Concept #4: Theorems and properties ===
 +
A chord is a straight line joining 2 points on the circumference of a circle.Chords within a circle can be related in many ways.
 +
 
 +
The theorems that involve chords of a circle are :
 +
* Perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of a circle.
 +
* Congruent chords are equidistant from the centre of a circle.
 +
* If two chords in a circle are congruent, then their intercepted arcs are congruent.
 +
* If two chords in a circle are congruent, then they determine two central angles that are congruent. 
 +
 
 +
===== Activities =====
 +
 
 +
====== [[Chord length and distance for centre of the circle]] ======
 +
For a chord the distance from the centre is the perpendicular distance of the chord such that it passes through the centre.
 +
 
 +
====== [[The longest chord passes through the centre of the circle]] ======
 +
Investigating the diameter is the longest chord of a circle.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center of a circle|Perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of a circle]] ======
 +
Since every perpendicular bisector passes through the centre, the centre must lie on every one of them, so the centre must be their single common point.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Perpendicular from centre bisect the chord]] ======
 +
 
 +
====== [[Congruent chords are equidistant from the centre of a circle|Congruent chords are equidistant from the centre of a circle]] ======
 +
In the same circle or in circles of equal radius:
 +
 
 +
• Equal chords are equidistant from the centre.
 +
 
 +
• Conversely, chords that are equidistant from the centre are equal.
 +
 
 +
====== [[Angles in a circle subtended by a chord]] ======
 +
The angle made at the centre of a circle by the radii at the end points of a chord is called the central angle or angle subtended by a chord at the centre.
 +
 
 +
=== Concept #5: Cyclic Quadrilateral ===
 +
In Euclidean geometry, a '''cyclic quadrilateral''' or inscribed '''quadrilateral''' is a '''quadrilateral''' whose vertices all lie on a single circle. This circle is called the circumcircle or circumscribed circle, and the vertices are said to be concyclic.
 +
 
 +
=====Activities=====
 +
 
 +
======  [[Cyclic quadrilateral]] ======
 +
A quadrilateral ABCD is called cyclic if all four vertices of it lie on a circle.In a cyclic quadrilateral the sum of opposite interior angles is 180 degrees.If the sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 180, the quadrilateral is cyclic.In a cyclic quadrilateral the exterior angle is equal to interior opposite angle.
 +
 
 +
======[[Properties of cyclic quadrilateral]]======
 +
Relation between the angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are explored with this hand on activity.
 +
 
 +
=== Concept #6 Constructions in circles ===
 +
The students should know that tangent is a straight line touching the circle at one and only point.They should understand that a tangent is perpendicular to the radius of the circle.The construction protocol of a tangent.Constructing a tangent to a point on the circle.Constructing tangents to a circle from external point at a given distance.A tangent that is common to two circles is called a common tangent.A common tangent with both centres on the same side of the tangent is called a direct common tangent.A common tangent with both centres on either side of the tangent is called a transverse common tangent.
 +
 
 +
=== [[Circles_Constructions]] ===
 +
 
 +
=== Concept #7 Tangents ===
 +
A line which touches a circle at exactly one point is called a tangent line and the point where it touches the circle is called the point of contact.
 +
 
 +
==== Properties of tangent ====
 +
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact. We can also conclude that at any point on a circle there can be one and only one tangent.
 +
*Explain the theorem that if two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle, then they are congruent.
 +
*Solve for an unknown in a problem involving tangents.
 +
*Apply properties of tangents to solve problems involving triangles circumscribed about a circle.
 +
 
 +
==== Tangents from a point outside the circle ====
 +
The lengths of two tangents from an external point are equal.
 +
 
 +
The tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equally inclined to the line joining the point to the centre of the circle.
 +
 
 +
==== Secant ====
 +
A line which intersects the circle in two distinct points is called a secant line (usually referred to as a secant).
 +
 
 +
==== Touching circles ====
 +
[[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_m5edc23ab.gif|link=]]
 +
 
 +
[[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_m202ccc14.gif|link=]]
 +
 
 +
[[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_m5d49d71b.gif|link=]]
 +
 
 +
==== Common tangents ====
 +
Common tangents are lines or segments that are tangent to moret han one circle at the same time.
 +
 
 +
==== Direct common tangents ====
 +
The centres of the circles lie on the same side of the common tangent.(dct)
 +
 
 +
[[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_m202ccc14.gif|link=]]
 +
 
 +
[[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_m244a7f98.png|link=]]
 +
 
 +
==== Transverse common tangents ====
 +
The centres of the circles lie on either side of the common tangent(tct)
 +
 
 +
[[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_m6e667170.png|link=]]
  
===Activity No # 3. Circle of varying radius  using Geogebra  ===
+
'''Evaluation'''
{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
 
|<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f5f5f5; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
 
''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
 
|}
 
*Estimated Time: 20 mins
 
*Materials/ Resources needed: Laptop, geogebra,projector and a pointer
 
*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any:
 
# Theory on circles introduction should have been done.
 
*Multimedia resources: Laptop
 
*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets:
 
This geogebra file has been made by ITfC-Edu-Team.
 
<ggb_applet width="1280" height="600" version="4.0" 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enableRightClick="false" showAlgebraInput="false" enableShiftDragZoom="false" showMenuBar="false" showToolBar="false" showToolBarHelp="true" enableLabelDrags="false" showResetIcon="false" />
 
  
*Process:
+
1.How many direct common tangents can be drawn to 2 intersecting circles and 2 separate circles?
Show the geogebra file and ask the following questions.
 
*Developmental Questions:
 
# What is a circle ?
 
# Which point is the centre of the circle ?
 
# What is the radius of this circle ?
 
# How do you name the radius ?
 
*Evaluation:
 
#By what parameter is the size of a circle defined ?
 
#Bigger the radius, _____________
 
*Question Corner:
 
# How do you name a circle ?
 
# Can you draw a circle without knowing the radius ?
 
  
===Activity No # 3. Is circle a Polygon ? - A debate.===
+
2.Can you draw tct to 2 intersecting circles?
{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
 
|<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f5f5f5; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
 
''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
 
|}
 
*Estimated Time: 40 minutes<br>
 
*Materials/ Resources needed
 
Laptop, geogebra file, projector and a pointer.<br>
 
*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
 
# Ensure that lesson on polygons is done.
 
*Multimedia resources:Laptop
 
*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets: This geogebra file has been created by maths STF teachers.
 
<ggb_applet width="1280" height="600" version="4.0" 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enableRightClick="false" showAlgebraInput="false" enableShiftDragZoom="false" showMenuBar="false" showToolBar="false" showToolBarHelp="true" enableLabelDrags="false" showResetIcon="false" />
 
*Process:
 
Demonstrate the geogebra file and ask the questions listed below.
 
*Developmental Questions:
 
# How many sides does this figure have ?
 
# Name the figure formed.
 
# What is hapenning to the length of the sides as the number of sides is increased ?
 
# What shape is this ?
 
# So, can circle be considered a polygon ? Justify
 
*Evaluation:
 
# Are the students able to comprehend that the number of sides is getting infinite as the shape resembles a circle ?
 
# Are the students able to appreciate the application of polygon anology to circles.
 
*Question Corner;
 
Debate between two groups with these two perspectives.<br>
 
#Circle seems to have derived from polygons . Circle can be considered a polygon.
 
Vs     
 
#A polygon is defined by a certain number of sides having non zero length. Then how can circle be  a polygon ? (hint: all radii in a circle should be equal ???)
 
  
= Hints for difficult problems =
+
3. How many umber of tangents to a circle which are parallel to a secant ?
== Ex 4.4.2==
 
#Suppose two chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre of the circle, prove that the chords have equal length.
 
'''DATA''' :-  Let AB & CD are the two chords which are equidistant from the centre 'O'  of the circle.  [ Here OP is the perpendicular distance from  the centre O to the chord AB and OQ is the perpendicular distance from  the centre O to the chord CD] OP = OQ.
 
  
'''TO PROVE :-''' AB = CD,
+
4. How many number of tangents that can be drawn through a point which is inside the circle ?
 +
==Proofs and verification of properties of tangents==
 +
The correct use of reasoning is at the core of mathematics, especially in constructing proofs. Many statements, especially in geometry. Recall that a proof is made up of several mathematical statements, each of which is logically deduced from a previous statement in the proof, or from a theorem proved earlier, or an axiom, or the hypotheses. The main tool, we use in constructing a proof, is the process of deductive reasoning.
  
'''CONSTRUCTION :-''' Join OA & OD.
+
We start the study of this chapter in deductive reasoning using several examples.
  
'''PROOF :-'''
+
we can verify the theorems by practical construction. And also by using GeoGebra tool.
    {[Consider  In ∆AOP & ∆DOQ
+
==Tangents to a circles:==
                              OA = OD
+
*Tangent: line that intersects a circle in exactly one point, called the point of tangency
                              OP = OQ
+
*Radius from centre of circle to the point of tangency is always perpendicular to the tangent line. If
                  Angle APO = Angle DQO
+
*The radius is not perpendicular to the line, the line is not tangent to the circle.
                        ∆AOP ≡ ∆DOQ
+
*Recall the Pythagorean Theorem:
                            AP = DQ
+
*Use the fact that a tangent line and the radius through that point of tangency are perpendicular to solve for a third value. Show how you can also use this fact to deduce whether or not a line is tangent to a specific circle.
    Let  AB = AP + BP
+
*Tangents from an external point are equal in length.
                  = AP + AP
 
                  = 2AP
 
            AB = 2DQ ---------- 1.
 
    and CD = CQ + DQ
 
                  = DQ + DQ
 
            CD = 2DQ --------- 2.
 
  From equtn 1 & equtn 2
 
            AB = CD
 
  
Radii of the circle
+
====== [[Tangents to a circle|Tangents to a circle -Activity]] ======
Equi distances from circle
 
  
SAS Axiom
+
====== [[Construction of tanget to a circle and its properties]] ======
Acording to properties of  SAS axiom.
 
  
Perpendicular drawn from centre to chord which 
+
==Types of tangents==
bisect the chord, i.e. AP = BP.
+
*Recognise the difference between a secant and a tangent of a circle.
 +
*Construct a tangent to a circle at a given point on it.
 +
*Construct and verify that, the radius drawn at the point of contact is perpendicular to the tangent.
 +
*Construct tangents to a circle from an external point.
 +
*Recognise the properties of direct common tangents and the transverse common tangents.
 +
==Touching circles==
 +
Common tangents of two circles How many common tangents do two circles have. Informally draw all different cases, with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 common tangents.
  
 +
For any two different circles, there are five possibilities regarding their common tangents:
 +
*One circle lies inside the other. They have no common tangents.
 +
*One circle touches the other from inside. There is one common tangent, located at this touching point.
 +
*The two circles intersect in two points. They have two common tangents, which lie symmetrically to the axis connecting the two centres.
 +
*The two circles touch each other from outside. They have three common tangents.
 +
*The two circles lie outside of each other. They have four common tangents.
  
Perpendicular drawn from centre to chord which 
+
==== '''Construction of tangents''' ====
bisect the chord, i.e. CQ = DQ
+
*[[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_50027288.png|link=]]
Acording to AXIOM-1]}
+
*<u>To draw a tangent to a circle from an external point </u>  [[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_m520802ec.png|link=]]
 +
*<u>To draw direct common tangents to two given circles of equal radii, with centres ‘d’ units apart. </u>  [[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_4b7743eb.png|link=]]
 +
*<u>To draw a direct common tangent to two circles of different radii. </u>  [[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_3b9c6f9.png|link=]]
 +
To construct Transverse common tangents to two circles.
  
 +
[[Image:KOER%20Circles_html_m38f1dae5.png|link=]]
 +
====Learning Objectives====
 +
Acquire knowledge about the
 +
*properties of angles related to tangents.
 +
*properties of tangents drawn to a circle from an external point and their applications.
 +
*The angle between the tangent and a chord at the point of contact and the angle in the alternate segment and its application.
 +
====Material and Resources Required====
 +
Pencil, Paper
 +
====Pre-requisites/Instructions====
 +
Please refer to the document 22-Tangents  [[:File:2.7 Circles - Tangent Activities.pdf]]  and complete the exercises.
  
{|class="wikitable"
+
[[Circles Tangents Problems]]
|-
+
======  [[Construction of direct common tangent]] ======
|'''Steps'''
+
The direct common tangents to two circles meet on the line of centres and divide it externally in the ratio of the radii. 
|'''Explanation'''
 
|-
 
|[[Image:solution.png|300px]]
 
|Explanation for thestep
 
|-
 
|Write the step
 
|Explanation for thestep
 
|}
 
|}
 
  
= Project Ideas =
+
====== [[Construction of transverse common tangent]] ======
 +
The transverse common tangents also meet on the line of centres and divide it internally in the ratio of the radii.
 +
==Further Explorations==
 +
1. This link gives an overview of what tangents are, [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi]]
 +
=See Also=
 +
Click [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPTJ9P4vQ78 here] for some interesting videos on constructions of  circles.
 +
=Teachers Corner=
 +
The major portion of the contributions for this topic are from '''Radha N, GHS Begur''' and '''Roopa N GHS Nelavagilu''' .
 +
==GeoGebra Contributions==
 +
#The GeoGebra file below verifies the theorem
 +
##The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the center is double the angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
 +
##Arcs and Angles http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/Maths/Arc_angle.html
 +
##Download ggb file here http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/Maths/Arc_angle.ggb
 +
##Arcs and Angles Part 2 http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/Maths/Same_segment_angle.html
 +
##Download ggb file here http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/Maths/Same_segment_angle.ggb
 +
##See a video to understand this theorem http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0B0v0NCHZx0
 +
#This GeoGebra file shows how a cone can be constructed from a sector of a circle
 +
##Cone Construction http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/Maths/conesurfacearea.html
 +
##Download ggb file here http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/Maths/conesurfacearea.ggb
 +
====== Solved problems/ key questions (earlier was hints for problems). ====== 
  
= Math Fun =
+
===Projects (can include math lab/ science lab/ language lab) ===
 +
#Collect different types of circular objects
 +
#Collect different '''Pie Charts'''.
 +
#Collect different photographs of tools of cutting circles
 +
#Collect different coins of circular shape
 +
#Collect different images of medals
  
'''Usage'''
+
===Assessments - question banks, formative assessment activities and summative assessment activities===
  
Create a new page and type <nowiki>{{subst:Math-Content}}</nowiki> to use this template
+
[[Category:Class 9]]
 +
[[Category:Circles]]

Latest revision as of 14:06, 19 December 2020

The Story of Mathematics

Philosophy of Mathematics

Teaching of Mathematics

Curriculum and Syllabus

Topics in School Mathematics

Textbooks

Question Bank

While creating a resource page, please click here for a resource creation checklist.

Concept Map

Introduction

The following is a background literature for teachers. It summarises the things to be known to a teacher to teach this topic more effectively . This literature is meant to be a ready reference for the teacher to develop the concepts, inculcate necessary skills, and impart knowledge in Geometry - Circles from Class 6 to Class 10.

The first step is to understand how to define circles and related terms using geometric vocabulary. The next step is to understand what is Pi. That it is a constant and that for any circle the ratio of the circumference by the diameter is always a constant value Pi. The interesting properties of Pi – an irrational number can also be discussed here in the basic form. Ability for the child to do simple area and perimeter calculations. Next the learner should understand that the circle is a 2 dimensional plane figure and how to visualise solid 3-dimensional figures. What are the solid shapes that have a circle as a part of them. Mensuration – more complex area measurements which include circular shapes. Surface Area and Volume measurement of sold shapes such as cylinder, sphere and cone. Understand the properties of the circles by proving theorems deductively. Also acquire the skills of deductive proofs, understand that all the properties can be deduced from the axioms. Understand the relationship between lines and circles – secant and tangent

Additional Resources[edit | edit source]

Resource Title

Circles and Arcs

Circles

OER[edit | edit source]

  1. Web resources :
    1. Cool math For clear and easy definitions.
    2. Wikipedia Has good explanations on circles.
    3. Khan academy Has good educative videos.
    4. Arvind gupta toys Contains good information.
  2. Books and journals
    1. School Geometry By Hall and Stevens. Part3 pageno 143. Contains basic definitions and proofs given by Euclid.
  3. Textbooks:
    1. Class 9 Mathematics contain simple description and theorems on circle
    2. CLASS 10
  4. Syllabus documents

Non-OER[edit | edit source]

  1. Web resources

This is a resource file created by Suchetha, Mathematics teacher, GJC Thyamangondlu

  • This is a video showing construction of tangent from external point and theorem

This is a resource file created by Suchetha, Mathematics teacher, GJC Thyamangondl

  • This is a video showing Transverse common tangent

This is a resource file created by Gireesh KS , Assistant Teacher, GHS jalige, Bangalore Rural District

    • you want see the kannada videos on theorems and construction of circle click here this is shared by Yakub koyyur GHS Nada.
  1. Books and journals
  2. Textbooks
    1. Karnataka text book for Class 10, Chapter 14 - Chord properties
    2. Karnataka text book for Class 10, Chapter 15 - Tangent Properties
  3. Syllabus documents (CBSE, ICSE, IGCSE etc)

Learning Objectives

  • Appreciation of circle as an important shape as it is an intrical component in the invention of almost everything that we see around us.
  • To make students know that circle is a 2-dimensional plane circular figure.
  • All points on its edge are equidistant from the center.
  • The method of drawing a circle
  • The size of the circle is defined by its radius.
  • To elicit the difference between a bangle or a circular ring and circle as such.

Teaching Outlines

Concept #1 Introduction to Circle

When I tell people that circles are the mother of all inventions, the first thing they ask is, “circles are inventions?”

Yes, a circle isn’t something that exists in nature. It isn’t something that people discovered like gold or the new lands of America. It is a mental construct, a symbolic representation that was invented much the same as language and the alphabet.

There is no way to be certain, but anthropologists generally agree that the circle was created long before recorded history. It is quite likely that it was drawn by a stick in the sand. With the sun being a constant in early man’s existence and the source of all life, it is quite likely that the first circle represented the sun.

Through the years man’s understanding of the circle has evolved substantially with Euclidean geometry being its crowning point of technological understanding. (Having said that, I assure you this blog is not going to be about mathematics or boring scientific equations.)

What we will say that is without the rudimentary understanding of circles, the world would not be anything like it is today. Without circles, there would be no wheel, which is man’s crowning achievement dating back to the Neolithic Age (circa 9500 BC).

The three other great achievements are the ability to make fire, the agriculture of crops, and the domestication of animals. While the circle didn’t have any direct bearing on these advancements, the understanding of circles certainly contributed to their proliferation and expansion.

Besides the wheel, pulleys, gears, ball bearings and a thousand other items we take for granted wouldn’t exist. And of course we would never have the pleasure of driving a car, riding a Ferris wheel, or watching the moon landing on our television set.

If you look through any old patent claim, you will most likely find the repeated use of circles, spheres, curves, arches, etc. They are an intrinsic component in the invention of almost everything that we see around us.

I had a microbiologist challenge me that his field didn’t have much use for circles. Not knowing anything about microbiology, I asked him what was the shape of the lens in his microscope.

The circle is the most primitive and rudimentary of all human inventions, and at the same time, the most dynamic. It is the cornerstone in the foundation of science and technology. It is the basic tool of all engineers and designers. It is used by the greatest artists and architects in the history of mankind.

And it doesn’t exist except in our mental construct. It is a symbol, not a thing. We talk about it in every language on earth. It is written about in millions of textbooks and all over the Internet, and yet we cannot put it in a wheel barrel. It doesn’t exist in a three dimensional world or even a two dimensional world. It is merely a representation.

Immanuel Kant’s famous phrase “ding an sich” applies to the circle. A circle is not a “thing-in-itself.” It is a semantic fabrication that exists only in our imagination. As Alfred Korzybski, the father of General Semantics, would say, it is “the map, not the territory.”

But here we are getting off on a philosophical tangent that might be subject to a future blog entry. For now let’s just say that circles are everything and they are nothing. They don’t exist in reality and yet they are the basis of all that mankind has brought into existence. That is why I think the circle is so fantastic.

Source: http://circlesonly.wordpress.com/tag/inventions/
Summary : The circle is the most primitive and rudimentary of all human inventions, and at the same time, the most dynamic. It is the cornerstone in the foundation of science and technology. It is the basic tool of all engineers and designers. It is used by the greatest artists and architects in the history of mankind. Without a circular shape the wheel, pulleys, gears, ball bearings and a thousand other items we take for granted wouldn’t exist. And of course we would never have the pleasure of driving a car, riding a giant wheel, or watching the moon landing on our television set.
If you look through any old patent claim, you will most likely find the repeated use of circles, spheres, curves, arches, etc. circles are everything and they are nothing. They don’t exist in reality and yet they are the basis of all that mankind has brought into existence. That is why a circle is so fantastic.

Circle Properties

  • A circle is the collection of all points in a plane, which are equidistant from a fixed point in the plane.
  • Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles)subtend equal angles at the centre.
  • If the angles subtended by two chords of a circle(or of congruent circles) at the centre(corresponding centres) are equal, the chords are equal.
  • The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
  • The line drawn through the centre of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
  • There is one and only one circle passing through three non-collinear points.
  • Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the centre (or corresponding centres).
  • Chords equidistant from the centre (or corresponding centres) of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equal.
  • If two arcs of a circle are congruent, then their corresponding chords are equal and conversely if two chords of a circle are equal, then their corresponding arcs (minor, major) are congruent.
  • Congruent arcs of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.
  • The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
  • Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
  • Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
  • If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points lying on the same side of the line containing the line segment, the four points lie on a circle.
  • The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 1800.
  • If sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 1800, the quadrilateral is cyclic.

Activities

A discussion on “Life without circular shaped figures.”

Discussion based activity to relate and assimilate circular shapes seen in our surroundings.

Circle as a shape

A circle is the set of all points in the plane that are a fixed distance from a fixed point. 

Is circle a Polygon ? - A debate

A polygon when increased in number of sides tends to form a circle is shown with this interesting activity.

Concentric circles

Drawing concentric circles, with this hands on activity circle as a shape and variations in it is explored.

Congruent circles

Equal circles are circles with same radius is a concepts that is introduced in this activity.

Equal parts in a circle

Dividing a circle in to parts and exploring to divide it into equal parts is show in this activity.

Pi the mathematical constant

Learning Objective

Show that the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is a constant value – Pi

Material and Resources Required

Projector, Pencil, Paper

Pre-requisites/Instructions

First for a circle of diameter 1 unit show the Geogebra file

[[1]]

To demonstrate the value of Pi move the slider named a from minimum to maxiumum value and observe the circumference

Evaluation

Use the GeoGebra file [[2]] and illustrate and verify that the ratio is true for different radius by moving the radius slider and using the table below to compute the values.

KOER Circles html 14d27306.png

KOER Circles html 7b6eda1c.png

Radius of circle r Circumference of Circle C C/2r
6 18.85 -
2.5 15.71 -
......... - -

Perimeter of a circle

Learning Objectives

To apply the use of calculating the perimeter of a circle in a real life example .

Material and Resources Required

Pencil, Paper

Pre-requisites/Instructions

Draw the following sketch and do the calculations for the evaluation questions. The sketch shows the two main dimensions of a standard 400 metres running track.

KOER Circles html m210a6c46.png

Evaluation

  1. Calculate the inside perimeter of this shape.
    1. Why do you think that it is not equal to 400 metres? The inside runner cannot run at the very edge of the lane (there is normally an inside kerb) but let us assume that the athlete runs at a constant distance of, say, x cm from the inside edge.
  2. What is the radius of the two circular parts run by the athlete in the inside lane?
  3. Show that the total distance travelled, in centimetres, is 2 π (3650 + x ) + 16878 and equate this to 40 000 cm to find a value for x.
    1. Is it realistic? For 200 m and 400 m races, the runners run in specified lanes. Clearly, the further out you are the further you have to run, unless the starting positions are staggered.
  4. The width of each lane is 1.22 m, and it is assumed that all runners (except the inside one) run about 20 cm from the inside of their lanes.
    1. With these assumptions, what distance does the athlete in Lane 2 cover when running one complete lap? Hence deduce the required stagger for a 400 m race.
    2. What should be the stagger for someone running in Lane 3 ?
  5. If there are 8 runners in the 400 m race, what is the stagger of the athlete in Lane 8

compare with that in Lane 1 ? Is there any advantage in being in Lane 1?

Further Explorations

1. This link gives an overview of what Pi is. [[3]]

Concept #2 Terms associated with circles

Activities
Centre of a circle

All points on a circle are at fixed distance from a point, which is the center of a circle.

Radius and diameter of a circle

Marking radius and diameter of a circle and understand their relation.

Circumference of a circle

Measuring circumference to understand it as the perimeter of the shape.

Semicircle

Partitioning a circle into two halves to form semicircles by drawing diameter.

Interior and exterior of a circle

Points on the planar surface of the circle within its circumference are said to be interior points and points on the outside of circumference are said to be its exterior points.

Basic elements of a circle

Investigation to understand basic parameters associated with circles.

Chord of a circle

Chords of a circle are of different sizes.The length of the chord increases as it moves closer to the centre and decreases as it moves away from the center.

Arc of a circle

The part of the circumference within the two points in either directions are called its arcs.

Arcs and Sector of a circle

Slice of a circle enclosed between any two radii is called a sector.Semicircle and quadrant are special types of sectors.

Concept #3: Circles and Lines

Activities
Introduction to chords

A chord is the interval joining two distinct points on a circle. This activity investigates formation of chord and compares with the diameter of the circle.

Activity1 Angles in the same segment are equal
Angle subtended by an arc
Secant and tangent of a circle

A tangent is a line touching a circle in one point. A secant is the line through two distinct points on a circle.

Concept #4: Theorems and properties

A chord is a straight line joining 2 points on the circumference of a circle.Chords within a circle can be related in many ways.

The theorems that involve chords of a circle are :

  • Perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of a circle.
  • Congruent chords are equidistant from the centre of a circle.
  • If two chords in a circle are congruent, then their intercepted arcs are congruent.
  • If two chords in a circle are congruent, then they determine two central angles that are congruent.
Activities
Chord length and distance for centre of the circle

For a chord the distance from the centre is the perpendicular distance of the chord such that it passes through the centre.

The longest chord passes through the centre of the circle

Investigating the diameter is the longest chord of a circle.

Perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of a circle

Since every perpendicular bisector passes through the centre, the centre must lie on every one of them, so the centre must be their single common point.

Perpendicular from centre bisect the chord
Congruent chords are equidistant from the centre of a circle

In the same circle or in circles of equal radius:

• Equal chords are equidistant from the centre.

• Conversely, chords that are equidistant from the centre are equal.

Angles in a circle subtended by a chord

The angle made at the centre of a circle by the radii at the end points of a chord is called the central angle or angle subtended by a chord at the centre.

Concept #5: Cyclic Quadrilateral

In Euclidean geometry, a cyclic quadrilateral or inscribed quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose vertices all lie on a single circle. This circle is called the circumcircle or circumscribed circle, and the vertices are said to be concyclic.

Activities
Cyclic quadrilateral

A quadrilateral ABCD is called cyclic if all four vertices of it lie on a circle.In a cyclic quadrilateral the sum of opposite interior angles is 180 degrees.If the sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 180, the quadrilateral is cyclic.In a cyclic quadrilateral the exterior angle is equal to interior opposite angle.

Properties of cyclic quadrilateral

Relation between the angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are explored with this hand on activity.

Concept #6 Constructions in circles

The students should know that tangent is a straight line touching the circle at one and only point.They should understand that a tangent is perpendicular to the radius of the circle.The construction protocol of a tangent.Constructing a tangent to a point on the circle.Constructing tangents to a circle from external point at a given distance.A tangent that is common to two circles is called a common tangent.A common tangent with both centres on the same side of the tangent is called a direct common tangent.A common tangent with both centres on either side of the tangent is called a transverse common tangent.

Circles_Constructions

Concept #7 Tangents

A line which touches a circle at exactly one point is called a tangent line and the point where it touches the circle is called the point of contact.

Properties of tangent

The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact. We can also conclude that at any point on a circle there can be one and only one tangent.

  • Explain the theorem that if two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle, then they are congruent.
  • Solve for an unknown in a problem involving tangents.
  • Apply properties of tangents to solve problems involving triangles circumscribed about a circle.

Tangents from a point outside the circle

The lengths of two tangents from an external point are equal.

The tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equally inclined to the line joining the point to the centre of the circle.

Secant

A line which intersects the circle in two distinct points is called a secant line (usually referred to as a secant).

Touching circles

KOER Circles html m5edc23ab.gif

KOER Circles html m202ccc14.gif

KOER Circles html m5d49d71b.gif

Common tangents

Common tangents are lines or segments that are tangent to moret han one circle at the same time.

Direct common tangents

The centres of the circles lie on the same side of the common tangent.(dct)

KOER Circles html m202ccc14.gif

KOER Circles html m244a7f98.png

Transverse common tangents

The centres of the circles lie on either side of the common tangent(tct)

KOER Circles html m6e667170.png

Evaluation

1.How many direct common tangents can be drawn to 2 intersecting circles and 2 separate circles?

2.Can you draw tct to 2 intersecting circles?

3. How many umber of tangents to a circle which are parallel to a secant ?

4. How many number of tangents that can be drawn through a point which is inside the circle ?

Proofs and verification of properties of tangents

The correct use of reasoning is at the core of mathematics, especially in constructing proofs. Many statements, especially in geometry. Recall that a proof is made up of several mathematical statements, each of which is logically deduced from a previous statement in the proof, or from a theorem proved earlier, or an axiom, or the hypotheses. The main tool, we use in constructing a proof, is the process of deductive reasoning.

We start the study of this chapter in deductive reasoning using several examples.

we can verify the theorems by practical construction. And also by using GeoGebra tool.

Tangents to a circles:

  • Tangent: line that intersects a circle in exactly one point, called the point of tangency
  • Radius from centre of circle to the point of tangency is always perpendicular to the tangent line. If
  • The radius is not perpendicular to the line, the line is not tangent to the circle.
  • Recall the Pythagorean Theorem:
  • Use the fact that a tangent line and the radius through that point of tangency are perpendicular to solve for a third value. Show how you can also use this fact to deduce whether or not a line is tangent to a specific circle.
  • Tangents from an external point are equal in length.
Tangents to a circle -Activity
Construction of tanget to a circle and its properties

Types of tangents

  • Recognise the difference between a secant and a tangent of a circle.
  • Construct a tangent to a circle at a given point on it.
  • Construct and verify that, the radius drawn at the point of contact is perpendicular to the tangent.
  • Construct tangents to a circle from an external point.
  • Recognise the properties of direct common tangents and the transverse common tangents.

Touching circles

Common tangents of two circles How many common tangents do two circles have. Informally draw all different cases, with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 common tangents.

For any two different circles, there are five possibilities regarding their common tangents:

  • One circle lies inside the other. They have no common tangents.
  • One circle touches the other from inside. There is one common tangent, located at this touching point.
  • The two circles intersect in two points. They have two common tangents, which lie symmetrically to the axis connecting the two centres.
  • The two circles touch each other from outside. They have three common tangents.
  • The two circles lie outside of each other. They have four common tangents.

Construction of tangents

  • KOER Circles html 50027288.png
  • To draw a tangent to a circle from an external point KOER Circles html m520802ec.png
  • To draw direct common tangents to two given circles of equal radii, with centres ‘d’ units apart. KOER Circles html 4b7743eb.png
  • To draw a direct common tangent to two circles of different radii. KOER Circles html 3b9c6f9.png

To construct Transverse common tangents to two circles.

KOER Circles html m38f1dae5.png

Learning Objectives

Acquire knowledge about the

  • properties of angles related to tangents.
  • properties of tangents drawn to a circle from an external point and their applications.
  • The angle between the tangent and a chord at the point of contact and the angle in the alternate segment and its application.

Material and Resources Required

Pencil, Paper

Pre-requisites/Instructions

Please refer to the document 22-Tangents File:2.7 Circles - Tangent Activities.pdf and complete the exercises.

Circles Tangents Problems

Construction of direct common tangent

The direct common tangents to two circles meet on the line of centres and divide it externally in the ratio of the radii. 

Construction of transverse common tangent

The transverse common tangents also meet on the line of centres and divide it internally in the ratio of the radii.

Further Explorations

1. This link gives an overview of what tangents are, [[4]]

See Also

Click here for some interesting videos on constructions of circles.

Teachers Corner

The major portion of the contributions for this topic are from Radha N, GHS Begur and Roopa N GHS Nelavagilu .

GeoGebra Contributions

  1. The GeoGebra file below verifies the theorem
    1. The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the center is double the angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
    2. Arcs and Angles http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/Maths/Arc_angle.html
    3. Download ggb file here http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/Maths/Arc_angle.ggb
    4. Arcs and Angles Part 2 http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/Maths/Same_segment_angle.html
    5. Download ggb file here http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/Maths/Same_segment_angle.ggb
    6. See a video to understand this theorem http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0B0v0NCHZx0
  2. This GeoGebra file shows how a cone can be constructed from a sector of a circle
    1. Cone Construction http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/Maths/conesurfacearea.html
    2. Download ggb file here http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/Maths/conesurfacearea.ggb
Solved problems/ key questions (earlier was hints for problems).

Projects (can include math lab/ science lab/ language lab)

  1. Collect different types of circular objects
  2. Collect different Pie Charts.
  3. Collect different photographs of tools of cutting circles
  4. Collect different coins of circular shape
  5. Collect different images of medals

Assessments - question banks, formative assessment activities and summative assessment activities