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DSERT Text Book for Computer Literacy (CL) and Computer Aided Learning (CAL) (view source)
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''ICT@Schools - Resource Book for Standard 8 '''
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/index.php/DSERT_ಪಠ್ಯಪುಸ್ತಕ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ನೋಡಿ]
''Resource Book to learn Computer Literacy and Computer Aided Learning'''
=Introduction=
=Introduction=
This resource book has two parts - computer literacy skills and computer aided learning. The section on computer literacy introduces the learners to various aspects of the
This resource book has two parts - computer literacy skills and computer aided learning. The section on computer literacy introduces the learners to various aspects of the computer, the use of internet and different methods of creating documents in the form of in text documents and mind maps. The section on computer aided learning will discuss how computers can be used to integrate the learning of different subjects, namely, Mathematics, Science and Social Science by using relevant ICT tools and educational software.
computer, the use of internet and different methods of creating documents in the form of in text documents and mind maps. The section on computer aided learning will discuss how computers can be used to integrate the learning of different subjects, namely, Mathematics, Science and Social Science by using relevant ICT tools and educational software.
This exercise has two broad objectives of integrating the computer lab into the school education process and enabling the use of computer as a curricular resource. We have
This exercise has two broad objectives of integrating the computer lab into the school education process and enabling the use of computer as a curricular resource. We have attempted to put together this resource book based on the recommendations of the National Curriculum Framework (2005).
attempted to put together this resource book based on the recommendations of the National Curriculum Framework (2005).
The objective of the high school textbooks is to enable teachers and students to acquire a positive mindset about the use of computers for their learning and daily life
The objective of the high school textbooks is to enable teachers and students to acquire a positive mindset about the use of computers for their learning and daily life and also develop a working knowledge of computers and the ways of using them to represent information. It is my hope that every teacher will be able to start using the computer lab in the schools effectively for their own growth and for the classroom teaching – learning processes. Please do share your experiences in using this book. Your feedback is welcome.
and also develop a working knowledge of computers and the ways of using them to represent information. It is my hope that every teacher will be able to start using the computer lab in the schools effectively for their own growth and for the classroom teaching – learning processes. Please do share your experiences in using this book. Your feedback is welcome.
The innovation in this book is the integration of ICT into the regular subject teacing-learning. The second section of the book explores some lessons from the
The innovation in this book is the integration of ICT into the regular subject teaching-learning. The second section of the book explores some lessons from the mathematics, science and social science subjects that can be taught using the computer, thus integrating the computer as a pedagogical tool. This will help the subject teachers in the school integrate ICTs into their teaching-learning processes as well as use it for their own professional development.
mathematics, science and social science subjects that can be taught using the computer, thus integrating the computer as a pedagogical tool. This will help the subject teachers in the school integrate ICTs into their teaching-learning processes as well as use it for their own professional development.
=How to use this book=
=How to use this book=
Welcome to this resource book on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) !
Welcome to this resource book on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) !
ICTs are changing the way we do things, how we communicate and how we
ICTs are changing the way we do things, how we communicate and how we
learn. There are many areas of our society and work where we use
learn. There are many areas of our society and work where we use
ICTs in extensive ways. In your school, you now have a new computer
ICTs in extensive ways. This resource book is meant to introduce you to the ways
and methods of working with ICTs, including how to use them for
and methods of working with ICTs, including how to use them for
exploring various subjects. This book is for the student to work
exploring various subjects. This book is for the student to work
require you to work with different teachers.
require you to work with different teachers.
There are two sections in this book, '''Section 1: Computer Literacy'''
There are two sections in this book, '''Section 1: Computer Literacy'''
and '''Section 2: Computer Aided Learning'''.
and '''Section 2: Computer Aided Learning'''.
'''Computer Literacy '''is
'''Computer Literacy '''is
<u>[[http://www.ubuntu.com]]</u>
<u>[[http://www.ubuntu.com]]</u>
= 3.Text editing with word processor =
= 3.Text editing with text editor =
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/images/c/c1/3._Using_a_text_editor.odt Download '''Using a text editor''']
== Chapter objectives ==
== Chapter objectives ==
At the end of this chapter, you will learn about
At the end of
this chapter, you will learn about
* Word processors
* Word processors
* Different types of word processors
* Different types of text editor (also called word processors)
* Using word processors like LibreOffice Writer and Microsoft Word
* Using word processor like LibreOffice Writer
* Text editing and formatting
* Text editing and formatting
'''Word
'''Word processors'''
If you want to write a letter to your friend, a story or school work in a computer, what would you do or where would you type them? A software application called the '''word processor''' would do that. A word processor is a software used for creating (including writing, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) documents. This software lets you to create a document, store it on the disk, show it on a screen, make changes to it using the keyboard and print it on a printer.
'''What can the word processors do?'''
'''What
can the word processors do?'''
* '''Insert text:''' It allows you to insert text anywhere in the document.
* '''Insert text:''' It allows you to insert text anywhere in the document.
* '''Delete text:''' It allows you to erase characters, words, lines, or pages as easily as you can cross them out on paper.
* '''Delete text:''' It allows you to erase characters, words, lines, or pages as easily as you can cross them out on paper.
'''List
'''List of some popular word processors'''
of some popular word processors'''
# LibreOffice Writer
# LibreOffice Writer
# OpenOffice.org writer
# Microsoft Word
# Microsoft Word
# Web-based word processors (Google Docs)
# Web-based word processors (Google Docs)
You will learn how to use LibreOffice Writer on Ubuntu. LibreOffice works on Ubuntu GNU/Linux, Mac and Windows operating systems while Microsoft Word works only on Microsoft Windows. LibreOffice is a public software and can be freely shared without licence restrictions or payment of licence fees. Microsoft
how to use Microsoft Word on Windows and LibreOffice Writer on
Word is proprietary software and can be got by paying licence fees per user.
Ubuntu. LibreOffice works on Ubuntu GNU/Linux, Mac and Windows
[[microsoft word]]
operating systems while Microsoft Word works only on Microsoft
== Using LibreOffice to create documents ==
Windows. LibreOffice is a public software and can be freely shared
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m68195161.png|600px]] <br>
without licence restrictions or payment of licence fees. Microsoft
''LibreOffice''<br>
Word is proprietary software and can be got by paying licence fees
per user.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_55d56d98.gif]]<br>
You will have to log into Ubuntu operating system to use LibreOffice Writer. <br>
To start LibreOffice, you have to click '''Applications → Office → LibreOffice Writer.''' You will see a window like the one in the picture. There will be a blank page and a cursor where you can start typing. Note that everything that you dp using Microsoft Word can be done using LibreOffice too.<br>
Type a paragraph using LibreOffice. The functions that you may be using in Microsoft office will be discussed in LibreOffice.<br>
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m73c01333.png]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1794ed9a.png]]<br>
''MS
''Saving the file''<br>
Type the paragraph. Save the file by clicking on 'File' menu and selecting 'Save' option as shown in the picture. Type the file name in the dialog
box that shows up as 'My School' and click on the 'Save' button.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_51b656ce.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m420b1293.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]]
== Making changes to the text ==
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_ma2ed312.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_58749c8f.gif]]
Inserting, deleting and selecting text is done exactly the same way as it is done in Microsoft Word.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1613e29b.png]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m12f0f039.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_75cbe56b.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_30986aae.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_44feca9d.gif]]
'''Copying text'''
Select the text you want to copy and click on 'Edit' menu and select 'Copy'. You can also copy text by clicking on copy button or by using the keyboard shortcut CTRL and C.
'''Cutting text'''
Select the text you want to cut and click on 'Edit' menu and select 'Cut'. You can also cut text by clicking on cut button, or by using the the keyboard shortcut CTRL and X.
'''Pasting text'''
Click on 'Edit' and select 'Paste' menu. You can also paste copied or cut text by clicking on the paste button or by using the keyboard shortcut CTRL and V.
== Formatting characters and paragraphs ==
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m44cc9828.png]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2b451a81.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m580ce8f5.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6aa7ccf7.gif]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m4597452e.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5af18342.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_8447139.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m4fb7f678.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_43b923cd.gif]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m267839c6.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1d156733.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_4e52895b.gif]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_mee2131c.png]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_46aac4aa.png]]You can change the font style, size. You can make the text bold, slanting or underline the text. To change case (small letters to capital letters etc), click on 'Format' menu and select 'Change Case'. To capitalise the selected text, choose UPPERCASE option.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_136b8716.png]] To change the colour of the
text, click on the small arrow next to the icon in the picture.
You can format paragraphs, i.e., align the text left, centre, right and justify using these buttons
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1e5e331e.png]].
For more character formatting options, click on 'Format' menu and choose 'Character'. There are many tabs like Indents and Spacing, Alignment, Text Flow, Outline & Numbering, Tabs, Drop Caps, Borders, and Background available when you click on Format → Paragraph.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5575c0f0.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m7bcefc25.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2c8d7b6b.png]]To shade a paragraph or give a background colour to it, click on the 'Background' tab and choose a colour. And, to add border to paragraphs, click on the Borders tab. Now try changing the essay using the above options. Align the heading 'My school' to centre. Change the background colour to light blue. Put borders to the paragraph.
== Making simple lists ==
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m68cd55b0.png]]Use these buttons to create lists. The first button is used to make lists with bullets and the second one is used for numbered lists. Make two lists of animals. One list is bulleted and of wild animals. The other one is numbered and of domestic animals.
== Typing in Kannada ==
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_53e9a84f.png]]IBus is a software application used to type in various languages. Using IBus and LibreOffice, you will learn how to type in Kannada. Open LibreOffice Writer. Click CTRL and the SPACE bar together. On the top panel, you will see something like this. Now you can start typing in Kannada. Use the following key strokes to type.
{| border="1"
|-
|
Keyboard
Sequence
|
Character
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Keyboard
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|
Character
|
Keyboard
Sequence
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Character
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k
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=== Lab Exercises ===
Type a paragraph on trees using and LibreOffice Writer
Trees are very important things in our daily lives. They provide us food and oxygen – two most vital things for our survival. Some trees have medicinal value. Some other trees gives us wood. This wood is used in building homes, making furniture and as a source of fuel too. It is very important not to cut trees and to plant more trees.
After formatting, it should look like
'''TREES'''
Trees are very important things
in our daily lives. They provide us ''food ''and ''oxygen'' – two most <u>vital</u> things for our survival. Some trees have medicinal value. Some other trees gives us wood. This wood is used in building homes, making furniture and as a source of fuel too. It is very important not to cut trees and to <u>'''plant more trees.'''</u>
== Summary ==
# A word processor lets you to create a document, store it on the disk, show it on a screen, make changes to it using the keyboard,and print it on a printer.
# A word processor can insert, delete, cut, copy and paste text.
# Some popular word processors are Microsoft Word, LibreOffice writer, OpenOffice Writer, Google Docs.
# Microsoft Word works only on Microsoft Windows operating system and the files created using it has a .docx extension.
# LibreOffice Writer works on many operating systems including Ubuntu GNU/Linux and Microsoft Windows. The files created using it has a .odt extenstion.
# Using LibreOffice Writer, you learnt how to make changes to the text, format characters and paragraphs and create lists with bullets and numbers.
== Exercises ==
# Open LibreOffice Writer (This can be done in Kannada or English)
## Type your names. ii. Change the way your names look.
## Make copies of your names without retyping them.
## Move your names to the middle of the page without retyping them.
# Make a list of states in India using numbers
# Write a letter to your teacher asking for 15 days leave
# Make a list of your friends using bullets in LibreOffice Writer.
== Additional resources ==
Press F1 function key when using LibreOffice for help
= 4.Browsing the Internet =
==Objectives ==
In this chapter, you will learn about
# Computer Network
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet Internet]
# Software and Hardware required to connect to the Internet
# World Wide Web and URLs
# Internet Browsers
# Browsing the Internet
==The Internet ==
How do we get electricity in our homes? Electricity flows through a network which is a connection of power lines, cables, towers and reaches our homes.
There are different kinds of networks; rail network, road network,telephone, water supply network and many more. A network is a connection of many components. Also, networks are shared by many people. Even computers can be connected in a network. A computer network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together. Computer networks can be broadly classifed as,
* '''Local Area networks (LANs)''' ''':''' The computers are close together (may be, in the same building).
* '''Wide Area networks (WANs)''' ''':''' The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves. [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m163d865d.png]]
''Hub''
In your school or DIET lab, you must have seen all the computers (clients) connected to one main computer - “the server”. It is a LAN. The cables
from the clients are connected to a device called a 'hub', and the hub is connected to the server. A hub is a common connection point for devices in a network. Do you know what can be shared in a computer network? You can share files, information and even some hardware devices using a computer
network.
What is the use of sharing information over a computer network? You might have booked train or bus tickets when you travel across the state. To book a ticket you need to find out which train or bus goes from your place to wherever you want to go and also if the tickets are available on the dates you want to travel. If your computer is connected to the computer in a railway reservation office which has the information about the trains and ticket availability, you can book tickets from home. Such a connection of computers is called an '''Internet connection.''' Information is communicated and shared between the two computers, through such an Internet connection.
If you want information about some book available in your library, you can connect to the library's computer from home and get the information that you want. There are many such computers in different organisations giving us different types of information. These computers are all connected to one another. This is called the '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet Internet].''' So, for sharing or getting information from another computer on the Internet, you need a connection to the Internet.
*'''What do you need to connect to the Internet?'''
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_b6ef5d3.png]]
''Modem''
Before you can connect to the Internet, you must have a computer, a modem (A modem is a hardware device that allows a computer to transmit data over telephone or cable lines) and access to a telephone line which is connected to the Internet and a software to connect.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m18aa5759.png]]
''Data card''
You can also use a device called data card for connecting to the internet without any wire connections. The data cards use the mobile phones network to connect to the internet. The connection software is provided usually by the service providers (which are mostly telephone companies). In Karnataka/India, companies like Airtel, BSNL, Vodaphone provide such services.
To know more about the history of the Internet, visit [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet Wikipedia]
== World Wide Web (WWW) ==
There are millions of pages of shared information on the computers in the network, created by many people and organizations, in the form of 'web pages' accessed using a software application called a 'web browser'. This information network is called the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web World Wide Web] (in short known as www). The source of information is called the web site. A web site is a collection of related web pages of information. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web WWW] is one application on the Internet.
== Web Browser ==
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2853baf8.png]]Once you are connected to the Internet and are ready to look for things, you will need a software called the web Browser. There are many browsers available like Mozilla Firefox, Windows Internet Explorer, Apple's Safari, Google Chrome etc. All browsers will have similar functions. In this chapter you will learn to use Mozilla Firefox to
browse the web. Browse the web means look for things on the internet. Click on the icon on your top panel to start the Firefox Internet browser when you are using Ubuntu. You will see a screen like this.
|
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6d5142b8.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5057183e.gif]]
A website is nothing but a folder on a computer connected to the Internet, which has an 'address ' . You will have to enter the address of a website in the address bar (see the picture). This address is also called Uniform Resource Locator (URL). In the address bar, type [[www.wikipedia.org]] and press enter. This is a website where you can find information on many subjects.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_292fca48.png]]
This website has information on many languages. Move the mouse pointer on English and you will find that the pointer has changed to a hand. These are links to other sections of the web site. They are called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink hyperlinks]. A hyperlink is a mechanism by which a web page is linked to another related web page. Text, images can be made into hyper links. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink hyperlink] is usually underlined.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1afcbe46.png]]
When you click on English, you get the information from the encyclopedia in English. There are different sections, if you look at the right hand top
corner, giving information about Arts, History, Maths, Science etc. You can click on Maths and search on a certain topic. Type multiplication in the search box that you see just above the different sections. You will get an article about Multiplication.
==Search Engine==
A search engine is used to search for information on the World Wide Web. It keeps a track of all web pages. We can search for information we want
by providing a word or a sentence to a search engine. Google search engin is a very popular search engine. In your browser's address bar type
"Google.co.in". In the search box you see type 'sachin tendulkar centuries'. You will see a list of all the webpages having information about Sachin
Tendulkar's centuries. You can click on the hyper links and get more information. There are other search engines too, such as [https://duckduckgo.com/ DuckDuckgo]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuckDuckGo DuckDuckgo] does not collect information about users and hence your privacy is protected.
== Lab exercises ==
== Visit the following websites ==
# kn.wikipedia.org, Kannada.samachar.com, irctc.com rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in, dsert.kar.nic.in
# Search for information on your topic using [[http://Google.co.in Google search engine] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuckDuckGo DuckDuckgo] search engine.
==='''Topics''' - School Leadership===
Chose from - Aims of education, School and society, Community participation in education, teacher professional development, open educational resources, professional learning community, School development, School leadership, Leadership styles. Leadership theories
== Chapter summary ==
# Files, information and even some hardware devices can be shared using a computer network.
# Information is communicated and shared between the computers through an Internet connection.
# A computer, modem and access to a telephone line which is connected to the Internet and a connection software is required to connect to the Internet.
# A web site is a collection of related web pages of information.
# A software application called a web browser is required to look for things on the Internet's World Wide Web.
# A search engine is used to search for information on the World Wide Web
== Exercises==
*Choose the correct answer
# Internet is a network of
## Roads 2. Rails 3. Computers 4. Water pipes
# Which of these is not a browser
## Safari 2. Chrome 3. Nautilus 4. Firefox
# The device used to connect without wires to the Internet is called
## USB Flash drive 2. Data card 3. Memory Card 4.Modem
*Say True or False
# Internet is a network of computers
# A Modem is required to connect to the Internet without wires
# Wikipedia is a website
# WWW stands for world wide web
# URL stands for Unknown resource locator
== Additional Resources ==
[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet]]
= 5.Mind mapping =
== Mind mapping with Freemind ==
== Chapter objectives ==
In this
chapter you will be able to
# Understand the meaning of a mind map
# Learn how to use mind maps
# And learn how to create mind maps using a software application called '''Freemind'''
== What is a mind map? ==
Close
your eyes and think of a word. For example think about the word
plant. Now think of all the words that that come into your mind when
you think about the word plant. List these words in your notebook.
Some
of the common thoughts/words that would
come into mind when thinking about plants are:
'''
PLANT WATER PHOTOSYNTHESIS LEAF '''
'''
FLOWER ROOT STEM '''
''' SOIL SUNLIGHT CARBON
DI OXIDE '''
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_7eb78929.png]]These
words have meaning that can be pictured in the mind. These words can
be called '''concept'''
words. '''Concept'''
is a way of describing a word that can be pictured in the mind. It is
also any thought, idea, belief, picture or image that is formed in
the mind when we think of a word or topic. For example, one concept
for plant is that it is a living thing.
Now
look at these words:
''' HAVE
USING NEED'''
''' CARRY-OUT'''
These
a
words are not '''concept''' words
but <u>'''link'''</u>
two or more '''concept''' words
together. For example,
plants have roots, leaves, stem, flower. So one concept may be
linked to many other concepts. This can be drawn like a map shown in
the picture below.
Now
add more c'''oncept'''
words to the above picture or map by linking one '''concept'''
to many other concepts to make a m'''ind
map'''
of the topic plant.
|
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1edfa6e3.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2cefd992.gif]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m640e2802.png]]''Figure
2''
A
mind map of plant with the words that was described above while
picturing the word plant is seen below in ''Figure 2''.
What
are the differences you notice in ''Figure
1''
and ''Figure
2''?
One obvious difference is that in ''Figure
1''
not all the concept and link words that have been listed are there.
The other difference is
that in ''Figure
1 ''a
pen and paper has been used to draw the mind map freehand. In
''Figure
2''
a software application or tool called '''Freemind
'''is
used to
draw the Mind-map.
== Lab exercises ==
'''What is
Freemind and how can I use it ?'''
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m271ec832.png]]
''Open
Freemind''
Freemind is a public
educational application software tool for creating and editing
(changing) mindmaps. You can share it freely.
'''To open Freemind'''
Select from the Ubuntu menu
'''Applications > Office > Freemind'''
|
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m4bf81e5d.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_71b3ab50.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m14db685b.png]]
'''To create a new mind-map'''
# Select the mode as '''Maps > Mindmap Mode ('''Shortcut Key''' ALT+1) '''from the Freemind Menu
# Select '''File > New'''
# '''('''Shortcut Key''' Ctrl+N). '''You should see a screen as follows:
To start writing the Mind map
# Double-Click on the Node '''New Mindmap '''as shown in ''Figure 3''''.''
# Delete the text '''New Mindmap''' and type in PLANT the central concept word.
To add a '''link word''' place
your cursor on PLANT node ('''Parent Node) ''' and use one of the
following options
# Select menu option '''Edit > New Child Node '''(Shortcut Key Insert)
# You have created a new '''child node '''of node PLANT
# Enter the text ''have ''in this new node
# Select menu option '''Format > Fork '''
To add another '''concept''' '''
word''' place your cursor on ''have'' node ('''Parent Node) '''and
# Select menu option '''Edit > New Child Node '''(Shortcut key: Insert)
# You have created a new '''child node '''of node ''have''
# Enter the text STEM in this new node
# Select menu option '''Format > Bubble '''
To add a '''concept''' ''' word
'''''LEAVES'' you can also place your cursor on ''STEM
('''''Sibling Node''') and
# Select menu option '''Edit > New Sibling Node '''(Shortcut key: Enter)
# You have created a new '''sibling node '''of node ''STEM''
# Enter the text LEAVES in this new node
# Select menu option '''Format > Bubble'''
In this way you can create the
complete Mind-map for PLANT.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_mb28b845.png]]
''Saving
the mind map''
'''Save your Freemind
mind map'''
# Select menu option '''File > Save As''''''.'''
# A window appears (like Figure).
# Select the folder by double clicking on '''./ '''in the Folders box. The folder selected here is '''/Home/Bindu/Documents''''''.'''
# Type the file name plant in the box.
# Click '''OK.'''
# You will notice the name changes in the top panel of the freemind window and now has the file name with the path it is saved in.
# Your file is saved as '''plant.mm.''' All freemind files have the file extension '''mm.'''
'''To open a Freemind mind map'''
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_4ace7708.png]]
''Figure 5'' Select menu option '''File > Open '''
# A window appears
# Select the folder in which you saved the file
# Select the file <filename>.mm in this case plant.mm
# '''Click OK'''
'''Try this
exercise in the Lab'''
# The topic or main mind is TRANSPORTATION. Here are a list of 'Mind' words : air, slow, car, sea, petrol, aeroplane, fast, submarine, car, bicycle, ship, helicopter, fuel, water, diesel. If you think of more mind words add it to this list. Use your own 'link' words and create a Mind map in Freemind. Name your file Transportation.mm
=== Lab Exercises ===
== Chapter summary ==
In this
chapter we learnt about
# '''Concepts: '''Concepts are like giving meaning to words or ideas that you picture in your mind. You can link one concept word with many other concept words using a link word based on your understanding. Examples of concept words : Animal, Plant, Food, Mammals etc. Examples of link words are: having, belonging, a part of etc.
# '''Mind maps : ''' Mind maps link different concepts with each other and create a map of the ideas you have in your mind about a specific topic.
# '''Freemind:''' Freemind is a software application that you can use to draw a mind map on the computer. When you save the mind map on the computer it is a digital document that you can change and share any time you want to.
# How '''mind maps are useful''' for learning different subjects and topics; by thinking of all the ideas that come into your mind about a topic and how these ideas are related to each other in your understanding. If the understanding is not correct, your teacher can discuss with you why it may be incorrect and this way you also learn to correct some ideas which you may have misunderstood.
== Exercises ==
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_731f5ed0.png]]
''Figure 6'' The topic or main concept is ANIMALS. The different animals are reptiles, mammals, fish, birds, amphibians. List all the animals you know in each category. The mindmap has been started for you. See Figure 6 below. Complete it with all the animals you know.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_29557353.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_51c4a07a.gif]]
# Select MY VILLAGE as your main topic. If you live in a bigger town or city select MY LOCALITY as your main topic. Close your eyes and picture your village/locality and create a mind-map.
== Additional resources ==
== Additional resources ==
'''Press
'''See
''''''[[http://www.gnowledge.org/]]''''''
for many mindmaps on different subjects. You can also join the
community online and contribute your maps'''''''''.
'''''''''[[http://rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in]]''''''
also has mindmaps for concepts in mathematics, science and social
science topics.'''
'''[[http://www.libreoffice.org/get-help/documentation/#wg]]'''
'''Computer Aided Learning'''
= 6.Learning geometry with GeoGebra =
= 4.Browsing the Internet =
== Chapter objectives ==
== Chapter objectives ==
In
In this chapter you will learn
this chapter, you will learn about,
* How you can use the computer to learn mathematics.
* About GeoGebra a mathematical software application that helps you learn Geometry, Algebra and Statistics.
* How to use GeoGebra.
* Connect GeoGebra with the geometry taught in the maths class to better understand some of the concepts and properties.
== The Internet ==
== How can we use ICTs for learning mathematics? ==
Nowadays we see computers everywhere
and we know that it has become an important part of our daily lives.
So far we have learnt how to use the computer for basic document
writing also called text processing. We have used the Internet to
read information. We might also have watched some videos, listened to
music, seen some CDs about our class lessons. You must have played
some games on the computer as well! Have you seen or used a
calculator? A calculator is a device to do arithmetic calculations.
Now calculators are available in computers and mobile phones. Now you
can also learn other areas of mathematics such as geometry, algebra
and statistics using software applications like GeoGebra.
It helps you visualise geometric concepts and explore properties of
different types of geometric figures like lines, triangles and rays.
== What is GeoGebra ? ==
Can you guess why the creators of
this tool named it GeoGebra. Geo is an abbreviation for Geometry and
Gebra for Algebra. Did you know that you can represent all
geometric figures as algebra equations? GeoGebra helps you see both
the geometric figures and its algebra representation at the same
time, hence the name GeoGebra.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6308822b.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2407bc89.gif]]
In this
you can connect to the library's computer from home and get the
chapter you will learn to understand Geometry concepts using
GeoGebra.
In GeoGebra you can '''animate'''
the geometric figure you have drawn and '''dynamically ''' see how
some values like length, area, perimeter of a figure changes, see the
same figure in different ways.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_32fe000d.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_257c28c7.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m32c8b606.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m12bc7bcb.gif]]
== Lab exercises ==
=== Introduction, the GeoGebra window ===
The GeoGebra screen is divided in
several sections to represent mathematical objects in different
ways. The names of the different
parts are shown below.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_292fca48.png]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m43b4d032.gif]] ''Main Screen -
GeoGebra''
'''Menu
'''Search Engines'''
Bar: It is a '''typical
windows command menu bar. '''File,
Edit, View '''etc...
are called the menu-items.
'''Tool Bar: ''' It
has all the tools (compass
box) to use in the graphic view.
'[[www.google.com]]'
'''Active Tool View: '''It
tells you which tool is active to use on the graphic view and how to
use it.
'''Graphic View: It is '''used
to draw the geometric figures (also called '''objects'''
in GeoGebra). This window can never be closed.
'''Algebra View: It '''shows
the algebraic expressions. This window can be closed if you are
working only on geometry.
'''Input Bar: '''This
is used to enter more complex mathematical expressions that may not
be available on the Tool Bar.
'''Commands: It has to be '''used
along with the Input Bar, to select from a list of available
commands.
=== The Toolbar ===
The tool bar is GeoGebra's compass box
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_48e11462.png]]
Each tool has many related tools under it. To see all
the related tools, click on the arrow at the bottom right hand corner
of each tool as shown below.
'''Basic use of tools '''
* [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m2e9355f9.png]]Activate a tool by clicking on the button showing the corresponding icon.
* Open a toolbox by clicking on the lower part of a button and select another tool from this toolbox.
'''Look of screen'''
In this
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_156af86e.png]]In
GeoGebra only the graphic view cannot be closed. You can change the
screen to be best fit for working with your needs: Press '''View'''
on the menu Item and ''uncheck ''or ''check'' Algebra View,
Axes and Grid based on your needs.
== What is a mind map? ==
=== GeoGebra Exercises ===
# '''Drawing points, line segment and rays'''
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m539baf10.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m124065c4.png]]
To learn how to use GeoGebra we will
use the most commonly used tools when drawing geometrical shapes .
# Select Point Tool, and click anywhere on the drawing point to plot six points A, B, C, D, E, F.
of the common thoughts/words that would
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6802121.png]]Select '''Segment between two points''' tool, click on point A and then point B.
# Select '''Line through two points '''tool, click on point C and then point D.
# Select '''Ray through two points''' tool, click on point E and the point F.
Can you describe in your own words the difference between a segment,
line and ray? Also see the algebra view and observe the equations of
the line b and ray c. The line segment a is represented in the
algebra view as a = 2.83, where 2.83 is the length of the segment.
'''
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_1eb2590.png]]'''Drawing a parallel line'''
## Select Point Tool and click anywhere on the drawing point to plot three points A,B, C.
## Select '''Line through two points '''tool, click on point A and then point B.
## Select '''Parallel Line''' tool, click on point C first. Then click on line AB.
#
'''
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m779a848b.gif]]Now
use the '''Move''' Tool
move points A, B and C. What do you observe? Describe it.
''' SOIL SUNLIGHT CARBON
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3c7f10aa.gif]]Next
use the M'''ove Graphics view'''
tool and move the drawing pad. Do the two lines ever
meet?
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_7eb78929.png]]These
# '''Drawing polygons'''
## Select '''Point''' tool and plot three points A B and C to represent the vertices of a triangle.
## [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m54b722a1.png]]To draw a three-sided polygon – triangle, select '''Polygon''' tool click on point A, then B and C and again click on point A. '''OR'''
#
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_mab953ed.png]]Try
making a pentagon and hexagon on your own.
# '''Rotate a ray'''
## Draw line segment AB of any length''' (Segment between two points''' tool''')''''''.'''
## Select the '''Ray Through two points '''tool, click on point A, then select another point C on the drawing pad as shown in the figure.
## Select the '''Angle '''tool, as seen in the figure and click on points B, then A and finally C. You will see an angle measure. Click on the Move tool and move point C. Observe the change of angle.
## Observe the direction (clockwise, anticlockwise) in which you move the ray? In which direction does the angle increase and which direction does it decrease?
#
# '''Draw triangles'''
In this exercise you are going to
draw a '''right-angled triangle '''where the base is 5 '''units'''
and the hypotenuse is 8 '''units'''.
All buttons on the tool bar hide
many related tools. You choose the tool you want by pressing the
small red arrow in the lower right corner of the button. Choose from
the list that shows up.
# Start your drawing by using the tool '''Segment with Given Length from Point'''.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_11696e76.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_56714df5.png]]
# Continue by drawing the right angle. Do this by drawing a perpendicular line through point '''A'''. Choose the perpendicular line tool, click on point A first and then on the line.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m847fc33.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m786d5315.png]]
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_72a9f629.png]]To mark the third corner of the triangle you use one of the circle tools, '''Circle with Centre and Radius'''.
# Click on the point '''B''' and fill in the length of the hypotenuse as radius.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m500b00f8.png]]
'''What is
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5680d7e4.png]]Choose the tool '''Intersect Two Objects''', click on the circle and the perpendicular line. The point in the intersection is the third corner of the triangle.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m54b722a1.png]]
# Draw the triangle by choosing the '''''Polygon''''' tool. You need to click all the corners and then click again on the first corner to complete the triangle.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2ef6678c.png]]
# Select the mode as '''Maps > Mindmap Mode ('''Shortcut Key''' ALT+1) '''from the Freemind Menu
# The perpendicular line and the circle, even the points do not need to be visible or seen now, you only want to show the triangle. Hide an object by right-clicking the object and uncheck '''Show Object '''by clicking on it.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m65f9e530.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m48e92b5b.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
# Select menu option '''Edit > New Child Node '''(Shortcut key: Insert)
# The lengths of the sides in the triangle can be shown. Right-click one of the sides and choose '''Object Properties''' in the menu which shows up. Check the '''Show Label''' field and choose '''Value''' from the drop down list.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_7e14b643.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6cbe0b7d.png]]
# Select menu option '''Format > Bubble '''
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_74ac619e.png]]To show the size of the angles use the '''Angle '''tool. Click on '''each vertex''' of the triangle. The order in which you click the vertices must be in the clock wise direction. In this figure click in this order BAC, CBA, and ACB.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m75799bb0.png]]
# Select menu option '''File > Save As''''''.'''
# The area of the triangle can also be shown, use the '''Area''' tool as seen in the figure above. Click on Area tool and then click on the polygon.
# Change the shape of the triangle by moving the points you are able to move (use the Move tool).
# You will notice the name changes in the top panel of the freemind window and now has the file name with the path it is saved in.
'''To save GeoGebra files'''
'''To open a Freemind mind map'''
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_4ace7708.png]]
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m30e17108.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6e1d0aba.png]]To save your GeoGebra file, select menu item '''File > Save As.'''
# Select the Document folder.
# Type the filename Right Angled Triangle.
# Select the folder in which you saved the file
# The Files of Type box will automatically have Geogebra Files (.ggb).
# Select the file <filename>.mm in this case plant.mm
# Click Save. Your file will be saved as '''Right Angled Triangle.ggb.'''
# '''Click OK'''
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_643eb27c.png]]'''To
open GeoGebra files'''
'''Try this
# Open the GeoGebra applications.
exercise in the Lab'''
# Select menu item '''File '''> '''Open'''.
# Select the folder and the file.
# Click Open.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_7560e0b7.png]]
'''Additionally you can try the following
exercise.'''
# The topic or main mind is TRANSPORTATION. Here are a list of 'Mind' words : air, slow, car, sea, petrol, aeroplane, fast, submarine, car, bicycle, ship, helicopter, fuel, water, diesel. If you think of more mind words add it to this list. Use your own 'link' words and create a Mind map in Freemind. Name your file Transportation.mm
# Follow the following steps to construct a rectangle ABCD like the figure. Use the '''Move '''tool and move the vertices of the rectangle. If you have constructed the rectangle correctly, when you move the vertices the figure will always be a rectangle. Seeing this construction can you write down the properties of a rectangle? '''Steps:'''
## Draw a line segment AB of any length ('''Segment between two points''' tool).
## Draw a perpendicular line at point A perpendicular to line segment AB. For this in GeoGebra : Select the '''Perpendicular line '''tool. Click on point A then select line segment AB. [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m7091d368.png]]
## Similarly draw another perpendicular line at point B to line segment AB. How will you do this in GeoGebra?
## Now select the '''Parallel Line''' tool and draw a parallel line to AB at any new point''' C''''''.'''
## Mark the intersection points of the parallel and perpendicular lines as D and E using the '''Intersect two objects '''tool.
## ADEB the rectangle you constructed.
## To measure the sides, use the '''Distance or Length''' tool and click on points AD, then DE, then EB and finally AB.
## Select the '''move''' tool and move points A or B. What do you observe, write down your observations.
## Now use the polygon tool and complete your rectangle. Also hide the construction. How will you do this?
#
== Chapter summary ==
== Chapter summary ==
In this
In this chapter you have learnt about:
chapter we learnt about
# '''Concepts: '''Concepts are like giving meaning to words or ideas that you picture in your mind. You can link one concept word with many other concept words using a link word based on your understanding. Examples of concept words : Animal, Plant, Food, Mammals etc. Examples of link words are: having, belonging, a part of etc.
# '''GeoGebra''' is a mathematical tool that helps you construct geometrical figures and see the geometric and algebraic representations at the same time. It is dynamic (where you can change the values of some of the properties like length, angle) and you can '''animate''' your geometric figures to understand properties of the figures you have drawn.
# You learnt how to use GeoGebra to construct different geometrical figures and understand some mathematical concepts.
# '''Freemind:''' Freemind is a software application that you can use to draw a mind map on the computer. When you save the mind map on the computer it is a digital document that you can change and share any time you want to.
== Exercises ==
== Exercises ==
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_731f5ed0.png]]
# '''Verifying a Theorem: T''''''he sum of the interior angles of a triangle are 180 degrees.'''
## Draw three points A, B, C ('''New Point '''tool)
## Draw the triangle with vertices A,B and C ('''Polygon''' tool)
## Select the '''Angle '''tool to measure each of the interior angles of the triangle. Now verify that the sum of all the interior angles equals to 180 degrees.
## Select one of the vertices of the triangle (A,B or C) and move the points ('''Move''' tool) to change the shape of the triangles.
#
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5fe95702.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m43c97b62.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]
{| border="1"
|-
|
Angle BAC
|
Angle CBA
|
Angle ACB
|
Sum of Interior
Angles of Triangle ABC
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
'''See
# '''Exploring the rule: Similar triangles are proportional : '''Draw a triangle. Place a point on one of the sides and draw a line through this point parallel to one of the sides in the triangle. Parallel line: Use the '''Parallel line''' tool. You now have two triangles like the figure below. [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_76cbafdc.png]]
# Explain why triangle ABC is similar to triangle DBE. Measure the lengths of the sides in both triangles.
# Check if the rule stating that the ratio between the lengths of corresponding sides in similar triangles is the same applies.
# Measuring lengths: Use the Distance or Length tool.
# Make the Algebra View visible: View on the Menu Item.
# Show names of points: Right‐click on one of the points, choose properties, in the list on the left side click on points and check Show Label.
# Calculate the ratio: In the Input bar write: r1=Distance[A,B]/Distance[A,D]. AB and AD are corresponding sides in the two triangles. Repeat the command for the other two pairs of corresponding sides.
# Change the shape of the triangle by moving the points you are able to move (use the Move tool). Are the triangles still similar? What happens to the ratios?
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m20abd1a5.gif]] [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_385e9bfc.gif]]
# Construct a square in GeoGebra. You are only given a line segment AB of any length. How will you construct the square? The steps are given below
## Draw a line segment AB of any length using '''Segment between Two Points Tool''''''.'''
## Draw two perpendicular lines at points A and B respectively and perpendicular to the line segment AB using '''Perpendicular Line tool''''''.'''
## Draw a circle of radius = length of line segment AB using the circle with '''centre ''''''through point tool'''. Make point A the centre of the circle and point B as the point on the circle.
## Use '''Intersection two objects '''and click on the point where the circle intersects the perpendicular line at A. This will be point C.
## Draw a parallel line by selecting point C and line segment AB using the '''parallel line tool'''.
## Use '''Intersection two objects '''and click on the point where the parallel line intersects the perpendicular line at B. This will be point D.
## ABCD is your square.
## Measure the sides using the '''Distance or Length tool'''. What do you observe? What are the properties of a square?
## [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]Move the points A or B using the '''Move tool. '''Is ABCD still a square?
#
= 6.Learning geometry with GeoGebra =
== Additional resources ==
# To learn more GeoGebra seethe website [[http://www.geogebra.org/en/wiki/index.php/English]]
# To download GeoGebra files (.ggb) created by your mathematics teachers go to [[http://rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in/]] Select Maths Tab , then Computer Tools Tab.
# [[http://spoken-tutorial.org/wiki/index.php/Geogebra]] To see video tutorials of GeoGebra
# To learn about how to participate in mathematics olympiads please see the website [[http://olympiads.hbcse.tifr.res.in/]]
# Here are a list of mathematics websites that you can try out puzzles
## '''[[http://www.homeschoolmath.net/online/math_games_fun.php]]''' '''[[http://mathematics.hellam.net/]]'''
#
= 7.Science and technology =
== How can we use ICTs for learning mathematics? ==
== Chapter objectives ==
At the
end of this chapter, you should be able to
different types of geometric figures like lines, triangles and rays.
# Understand the way science and technology have grown
# Use different software applications for learning topics
# Understand simulations and how they are used
# Use the Internet to access information
You will work with your teacher in
this module. She will guide you through the various topics as well as
give examples for each of these topics from your syllabus. Several
examples here will require you to do practical experiments in the
science lab as well as observe things outside your classroom.
== What is GeoGebra ? ==
== Science and technology ==
What is the connection between
this tool named it GeoGebra. Geo is an abbreviation for Geometry and
science and technology? Study of science includes a method of
observing things around us, thinking about why those events happen,
explaining why the events happen, recording information about the
the geometric figures and its algebra representation at the same
events and also predicting what might happen. The understanding of
phenomena can lead to the development of tools – this is what we
call technology. The technology can provide us more methods of
observing, experimenting and recording. And this in turn results in
the advancement of science. Thus, science and technology are very
closely connected.
One of the technologies that has a
great influence on many areas of our life today is Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs). These include the computer and
the internet for transmitting information. You have already learnt
about the history and development of computers. Now we will look at
the various ways in which computers can be used for scientific
research and study.
'''Making large calculations'''
Computers make it easy for
scientists to do calculations with large numbers, for example number
of cells or number of stars.
'''Make models for study'''
Experiments in science are of
different kinds. Some are small, some are large, some are simple,
some need lots of equipment, some are very complex and need lots of
skill to do and some are impossible to do physically. Can you think
of some examples of each of these kinds?
Computers
help scientists in making models of complex and physically difficult
experiments. If we want to find out whether a medicine will work or
not, it is possible to build a computer model of the human cell for
simulating how it will respond to the medicine. Similarly, we cannot
go to a star and study the radio waves produced; but we can model it
on a computer.
{| border="1"
|-
|
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_32fe000d.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_257c28c7.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1eb9349b.jpg|50px]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m775c8cb4.gif|Frame19]]
|
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6f5d3f64.png]]''Geological
map of the world''
|-
|
This is simulation of a supernova
explosion. This has been made on the computer so that scientists
can study what causes an explosion, what happens during an
explosion and what is the effect afterwards.
|
This is a geological map of the
world – you can see the rock structure in the Himalayas, Andes
and other mountain ranges of the world. This map has been produced
from many local, paper maps and putting them on the computer.
|}
'''Connecting scientists and building databases'''
Science is everywhere. When
computers are used to share the data collected, more people can have
access to it. In Bengaluru, the National Centre of Biological
Sciences wants to build a database of scientific data by getting data
on trees and plants from all over Karnataka. Such a database will be
available to many people.
== Lab exercises ==
=== Lab exercises ===
The internet is a very useful
resource for getting information about many topics.
1. With the help of your teacher,
look at the following websites:
[[http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/index.html]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m43b4d032.gif]] ''Main Screen -
[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4k3kEA3pmo]]
This will give you information about
satellites and how they are made and used.
are called the menu-items.
2.
Check the internet for information about the Citizen Sparrow Project
to see how the computer can help collect scientific information from
many people and help make analyses.
== What are computer simulations? ==
Computer simulations are very useful
to draw the geometric figures (also called '''objects'''
for scientific research when a physical experiment may be very costly
or dangerous or extremely time consuming to do. When a scientist is
studying a problem, she will make assumptions about what causes the
change and make predictions about what will change. This information
can be input to the computer and the simulation will make all the
calculations and show what changes happen. Sometimes, the changes
that the simulation will show will be different from what the
scientist predicted. This will help the scientists refine the theory.
The simulation shows the experiment on a computer. The scientist can
change the inputs to see how the experiment changes. This helps in
the development of new knowledge.
'''Algebra View: It '''shows
'''Simulations are different from
animations'''
Computer models are different from
animations. In an animation, we simply see a movie which shows a
be available on the Tool Bar.
phenomenon happening. The inputs cannot be changed.
Your teacher will show you the
following. Write down what you observe in the two activities. Is
there any difference between the two?
# Applications> Education> PhET> My Solar System
# Applications> Education> Kstars> Tools> Solar System
# Check out the following link on the solar system.
[[http://www.stumbleupon.com/su/569KDD/dd.dynamicdiagrams.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/orrery_2006.swf]]
=== Computer simulations for studying science ===
PhET
is a software application that contains computer demonstrations of
experiments and activities. These are called simulation. A simulation
is like doing an experiment on the computer.
=== Lab exercises ===
'''Basic use of tools '''
You can find PhET under
'''Applications> Education> Science'''. We will learn more
about simulations a little later when we learn about the use of
computers in science. The PhET simulation can also be found on the
Internet at [[http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/new]].
When you open PhET you will see a
page like the one shown below.
'''Look of screen'''
When we click on '''Play with sims'''
– it will open simulations in various subjects. We will click on
Physics and scroll down to the simulation on Waves on a String. When
we want to open a simulation, we click on the green rectangle which
says 'Run Now'. And this will start the simulation.
<u>'''Exercise 1 : '''</u>Observe
the simulation 'Wave on a String'
You will see a picture like this.
This is similar to a situation that you might have had where you tie
a rope to one end and the other end is in your hand.
When you shake your hand, the rope
will shake though it will be fixed at the other end. Similarly, if
we move the wrench here, the rope (which is a collection of beads)
will also move without being removed from the other end.
This simulation will allow you to
move the string in different ways using the mouse and the various
choices you have. Your teacher will explain what these various
choices are.
''Physics simulation:
Waves on a string -I''
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_6ee488f.png]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5c9aad02.gif]]
In
this simulation, you would have noticed two words – tension and
damping. Tension is the force that will get set up in a rope when
you pull on it. How much tension gets set up depends on the material
of the string. If you have a cotton saree as a rope and a nylon
string as a rope, they will move in different ways. Damping means
reducing. When I pull up the rope, the rope will try to resist that
pull and this resistance is called damping.
'''Answer the following questions'''
# When you 'move' the wrench up and down, did the string move? How did it move? How did each of the beads move?
# When you look at the simulation, it looks like something is moving from one end to another. What is moving?
# Let us understand what happens when you move the string using the manual option. You can complete the table below.
{| border="1"
|-
|
'''Activity'''
|
'''What do you observe ?'''
|-
|
Move the wrench upwards
|
|-
|
Move the wrench downwards
|
|-
|
Move the wrench upwards and
downwards
|
|-
|
Are the beads in the string
moving left to right; right to left, or up and down? What does
this tell you about waves
|
|-
|
How fast does the string move
when tension is high and when tension is low. Is there a
difference and why?
|
|-
|
When you add damping how does
the string move
|
|}
# Let us understand what happens when you move the string using the oscillating option. You can complete the table below. You will see that there is a green rectangle on the top in which there are control buttons for amplitude, frequency and damping. We know what damping is. At the end of this simulation, you will be able to describe amplitude and frequency.
{| border="1"
|-
|
Increase and decrease amplitude
|
How does the wave look? How do
the beads move? What changes in the beads when you change the
amplitude? Do all the beads move in the same way? When you
increase or decrease amplitude, what happens to the frequency
|-
|
Increase and decrease frequency
|
How does the wave look? How do
the beads move? What changes in the beads when you change the
frequency? Do all the beads move in the same way? When you
increase or decrease frequency, what happens to the amplitude?
|-
|
Change the values of tension and
damping
|
What do you observe is happening
to the wave? What happens if the wave end is not fixed but loose?
|-
|
Use the ruler to see how the
beads move?
|
How far do the beads jump? Does
it change?
|}
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_52bafd00.gif]]
When
you use the ruler you will notice that some of the beads jump very
high – much more than when the wave started. Why is this so? How
high the beads go is related to the amplitude. Discuss with your
teacher why the beads jump so high after a while and also the
relationship with the amplitude of the wave. Describe what you
understand by amplitude and frequency.
== Chapter summary ==
# The area of the triangle can also be shown, use the '''Area''' tool as seen in the figure above. Click on Area tool and then click on the polygon.
# Science and technology are linked; technology has helped the development of science.
# Change the shape of the triangle by moving the points you are able to move (use the Move tool).
# Computers have made many improvements in how we study science. They can be used to simulate models, do large calculations,develop databases and help connect people.
# The computer and Internet technologies can also be used for studying science in schools.
# You have studied about ecosystems, biomes through videos.
# You have seen the difference between simulation and animation.
== Exercises ==
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m30e17108.png]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6e1d0aba.png]]To save your GeoGebra file, select menu item '''File > Save As.'''
# Open the PhET simulation on Colour Vision. Run both the simulations – RGB Bulbs and Single Bulb. Then, answer the following questions:
# When only one bulb is used, what colour does the man see? Why?
# When more than one colour is used, what colour does the man see? Why? Does this change if I move the sliders on each of the bulbs the man sees? If it changes, why does it change?
# When all the three bulbs are used, what is the colour that the man sees? Where else do we see white light? If R,G,B when mixed give the white light, what can you say about the nature of the red, green and blue.
# When does the man see any colour and when does he see black?
# What is the filter doing? Explain the difference in colour between the source being monochromatic (single colour) and white.
# Open the PhET simulation on Friction under Physics/ Motion. Run the simulation and answer the following questions.
# What do the moving green and yellow circles indicate?
# When you are rubbing the yellow book on the green book what happens? How do you know that the heat is being generated?
# When the temperature goes very high, the yellow circles fly off. What does this mean physically?
== Additional resources ==
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_643eb27c.png]]'''To
# [[http://www.nrao.edu/]] - For a description of radio astronomy
# '''http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History.htm'''''' – ''''''Growth in computer technology'''
= 8.Social science =
== History ==
=== Chapter objectives ===
At the end of this chapter, you will
work with ICTs to get an understanding over the following
# Follow the following steps to construct a rectangle ABCD like the figure. Use the '''Move '''tool and move the vertices of the rectangle. If you have constructed the rectangle correctly, when you move the vertices the figure will always be a rectangle. Seeing this construction can you write down the properties of a rectangle? '''Steps:'''
# Different historical sources and perspectives.
# How to look for information beyond the available history textbook material on the lives of different people in history.
=== Historical sources and perspectives: ===
When
we study history, we learn about different events that have happened
in the past. We hear about stories of kings and queens, the
commoners and their lives. How can you know that these things have
happened? As we cannot see these people, we need to think about what
they looked like, how they dressed, what they ate, what did they
worship, what was their government like and many more such things.
Historians
use different types of evidence to build stories of what might have
happened in the past. They use different sources including ancient
monuments, clothes, tools, diaries and other kinds of written
documents, works of art and by speaking to older people in the
community. Sources can be primary or secondary. Primary sources are
original material, for example excavated material, letters and
diaries of people from the past and other such material. Secondary
material is that which uses primary sources to produce historical
writing.
We
usually visit museums to see displays of material from the past.
Below each will be a description of how old it is, where it was found
etc.
But
this is limited as museums cannot store all the sources of history.
Besides, different museums will have different kinds of sources.
Hence, if we want to see and learn about all the different kind of
evidences that have been used to write history, we can look it up on
the Internet.
Websites
like the Archaeological Survey of India's [[http://asi.nic.in/]]
are good repositories of historical information. The information on
such websites are valid and certified as authentic. However,
this may not be the case with all websites on the Internet.
{| border="1"
{| border="1"
|-
|-
|
|
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_75c0866a.gif]]
|
|}
=== Lab exercise ===
# Look up websites on the Indus Valley Civilisation and look at how the information is written. Are there any differences? Note it down. For example, what are the sources mentioned, who has written about this information? (You can start your search with the below mentioned websites)
## [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization]]
## [[http://india.mrdonn.org/indus.html]]
## [[http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/indus_valley/]]
#
# Using these web links: [[http://asi.nic.in/asi_walkthrough.asp]], [[http://asi.nic.in/asi_pgallery.asp]] and [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire]], write about the lives of the people (their food habits, clothes, regular places they visited, their daily life) in the Vijayanagara empire. You can use the word processor for this. Some examples which you could write about are
## A temple dancer
## One of the Virupaksha temple builders
## A vendor in Hampi
## A farmer
#
=== Chapter summary ===
# History is written with the help of different historical sources, both primary and secondary.
# Historical writing represents the ways of life of people in the past.
# Historical writing must be authenticated. .
=== Exercises ===
# Explain why triangle ABC is similar to triangle DBE. Measure the lengths of the sides in both triangles.
# Using these websites, go through stories from Buddhism and Jainism. Work in groups and choose one website. Collect the main points from the stories and narrate your favourite story to your class.
# Check if the rule stating that the ratio between the lengths of corresponding sides in similar triangles is the same applies.
## [[http://www.jainworld.com/literature/strindex.htm]]
# Measuring lengths: Use the Distance or Length tool.
## [[http://www.scribd.com/doc/81399/Jain-Stories]]
# Make the Algebra View visible: View on the Menu Item.
## [[http://www.jainworld.com/education/stories1.asp]]
# Show names of points: Right‐click on one of the points, choose properties, in the list on the left side click on points and check Show Label.
#
# Watch some videos on Alexander the Great on [[www.youtube.com]] and write a short life sketch imagining that you are Alexander. Also write a life sketch imagining you are the person who was in charge of taking care of his horse.
# Change the shape of the triangle by moving the points you are able to move (use the Move tool). Are the triangles still similar? What happens to the ratios?
# Look up these websites to read the life of famous Indian historians: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romila_Thapar]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryanath_U._Kamath]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Llewellyn_Basham]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Sharan_Sharma]]. Why do you think they wanted to become historians? Type all the possible answers you can think of and share with your class.
# With the help of your teacher, go on a expedition of your village/neighbourhood. Find out about the major historical sites of your area. Try to trace how and why these sites became important. You can also take photographs of this and share with your class.
# Meet some of the old people in your village and ask them to tell you a story about the village or a janapada that tells the story of the village. Can you write it down and later type it so that everybody can read it?
== Political science ==
=== Chapter objectives ===
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to
explore using ICTs to develop an understanding over
# To learn more GeoGebra seethe website [[http://www.geogebra.org/en/wiki/index.php/English]]
# Your role as a citizen in a local and national context.
# To download GeoGebra files (.ggb) created by your mathematics teachers go to [[http://rmsa.karnatakaeducation.org.in/]] Select Maths Tab , then Computer Tools Tab.
# Identifying different social and civic issues in the locality.
# [[http://spoken-tutorial.org/wiki/index.php/Geogebra]] To see video tutorials of GeoGebra
# How to access the elected representatives in charge.
India is
a democratic country and as citizens of this country, we have certain
rights as well as responsibilities. To be an active citizen, we must
understand the social issues and civic issues around us and see how
we can participate to do something about these issues. Through these
exercises, we will explore what you and your classmates understand by
the term democracy. You will work with your teacher to learn this
concept. You will also draw up lists of the issues in your
neighbourhood, especially concerning the common resources (water,
forests, irrigation systems, land etc.)
=== Lab exercise ===
# Understand the way science and technology have grown
# Using a mindmap, map out all what you understand by the term democracy. Work in groups and present it to your classmates and come up with your own definitions of the term.
# Use different software applications for learning topics
# [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]Create a photo essay of the social and civic issues in your neighbourhood
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[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_5f21465d.gif]]
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== Science and technology ==
# What are the common resources in your village. Make a photo essay on this.
# Visit the government departments (agriculture, horticulture, social welfare etc.) and gather information that is relevant and useful for you and your family. This will cover your needs now and for the future, your family needs etc. : [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?]][[v=Sgd6y9GTcdE&list=UUH4suj5leg5_Na0ttjuHHjw&index=20&feature=plcp]]
=== Chapter summary ===
# Different government departments have different responsibilities
# As a citizen, you must be aware of this and ensure that all basic needs of your community are met.
=== Exercises ===
# Interview some of your classmates and teachers and head master or head mistress and find out what they think are important issues that need to be addressed in your school. Prepare a note on this and present this to your head master/head mistress with inputs from your teacher.
# Visit your local Grama ''Panchayat ''and make a list of their functions. Interview some of the members on their vision for the village.
# What is the most important need for your school? (For example, need of toilet, a science lab etc. Find out who the concerned official is and write an application for this. Watch this video of how some girls did a similar activity to get a bus to their village. [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=523515SrOX0&list=UUH4suj5leg5_Na0ttjuHHjw&index=18&feature=plcp]]
the internet for transmitting information. You have already learnt
== Geography ==
=== Chapter objectives ===
At the end of this chapter, you
should be able to explore using ICTs to develop an understanding
over
# The reason behind natural phenomenon, how it can affect lives of people and safety measures against it.
different kinds. Some are small, some are large, some are simple,
# Navigate the public educational tool Marble and use it to locate different places.
some need lots of equipment, some are very complex and need lots of
=== Natural Phenomenon ===
There
are many natural phenomena occurring all the time. Rains, floods,
droughts, earthquakes, volcanoes are some examples of these.
Phenomenon like these occur in most places around the earth. However,
there are particular areas which are more prone to volcano eruptions,
earthquakes etc. Some of these prove to be harmful
to animal and human life. This leads to people losing their homes,
their livelihoods and also their close friends and family.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]]
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[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_2a172c4a.gif]]
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[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m5333b511.jpg]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m6f5d3f64.png]]''Geological
It is not possible for us to see some of these things in our daily
life (for example, volcano eruption, earthquakes). Let us make use of
the Internet to look up some of these videos and try and understand
these phenomenon.
=== Lab exercises ===
# Go to [[www.youtube.com]] and watch some videos on earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis. Divide into groups and prepare a presentation teaching you fellow classmates on how these phenomenon occur. Listed below are some videos to help you start your search.
## [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5piS8JBb3E]] (earthquakes explained by children)
## [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yexLVVeWHb8&feature=related]] (What is a tsunami)
## [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZp1dNybgfc&feature=fvst]] (National Geographic video on volcanoes)
## [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1lsLUBh9I8&feature=relmfu]] (National Geographic video on tsunamis)
## [[http://www.youtube.com/user/NationalGeographic?feature=watch#p/search/0/CtBXTvtFaCU]] (National Geographic video on earthquakes)
#
# Drought and floods are common in Karnataka. Look up online newspapers ([[http://kannada.samachar.com/]]) and present to the class your analysis of the situation (which regions are most affected, the situation of the people and your ideas on what government can do to help these regions).
=== Maps ===
One
of the techniques we use in geography is pictorial representation of
places, events, features using maps. Map making (cartography) is a
very important skill and has been around for many many years. For
more information on the history of map making, visit
[[http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/map/h_map/h_map.htm]]
and [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cartography]].
We
can use maps to emphasise some things (for example the map showing
volcanoes that you saw above), describe details of some things. There
are different kinds of maps for example physical map, political map,
etc. Maps come in different shapes and sizes. We can also make a map
of our school, our locality and even our village. Open Street maps
[[http://www.openstreetmap.org/]]
are an example of how people are now making their own maps of their
neighbourhoods and adding things to it which are important for them.
Let
us now look at different maps and understand what they are depicting.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m419b5a5b.jpg|50px]]
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[[http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/index.html]]
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_21c30df9.gif]]
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=== Lab exercises ===
# Using these websites ([[http://geography.about.com/od/understandmaps/a/map-types.htm]], [[http://www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/TTravis/social_studies_class.cfm?subpage=648434]]), fill in the following table
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Type of Map
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The purpose of the map
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# Marble Go to Applications – > Education – > Marble.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_7d121b88.gif]][[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m1c8b9ecd.jpg|50px]]On
the left side, you can see the different earth views for example
precipitation in July and December, rainfall in July and December
etc. Click on each of the maps, explore. Try and answer the questions
below.
[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m25876bfa.gif]]
# Identify the regions where there is heavy rainfall in June and December. Are there any similar regions? What could be the reason?
# Which are the hot zones on the earth and which are the cold zones? What could be the reason?
# Turn the globe upside down. Note down some of the main differences you feel could happen because of this. (For example, Australia on top.) [[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_3d47a81a.jpg|50px]]
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[[Image:ICT%20Phase%203%20%20-%20Resource%20Book%208th%20Standard%20ENGLISH%20-%2070%20Pages_html_m258e4c8c.gif]]
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=== Chapter summary ===
# Natural phenomenon occur due to many natural as well as human influenced reasons.
# Maps are a representation of some information in a pictorial manner.
# Marble is an educational tool through which physical information can be collected about the earth through its different map views.
# Natural phenomenon occur due to many natural as well as human influenced reasons.
# Maps are a representation of some information in a pictorial manner.
# Marble is an educational tool through which physical information can be collected about the earth through its different map views.
== Exercises ==
== Exercises ==
'''Formatting
'''Formatting
& Copy Editing'''
& Copy Editing'''
[[Category:Textbooks]]
