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From Karnataka Open Educational Resources
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==Key Idea 4 - Structural Transformation ==
What are the key ideas to be covered
===Learning objectives===
Economic structures are dynamic and the changes impact society in different ways
===Notes for teachers===
Any changes that involve transfer of resources from one sector to another are called structural changes. For example, India used to be primarily an agricultural country, but as the government started to allocate more resources to manufacturing and services, India's economic structure changed. Thus, such structural transformation is an important feature of the development process of an economy. A good example of such transformation at a global level is the Industrial Revolution in England in the 18th century, which resulted in a massive shift from agriculture-based economies to industry-based economies.
In the context of India, we can see that structural changes involve four key processes:
Declining share of agriculture in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment
Rural-urban migration which stimulates urbanization
Rise of industry- and service-based economy
Demographic transition from high birth and death rates (indicates poor health) to low birth and death rates (indicates better health)
Declining share of agriculture in GDP and Employment: This phenomenon is best explained with the help of a few tables found in this document. Chart 8 on page six shows that in all of the world, the share of services in GDP is greater than inustry and agriculture (2009). For India, in 2009-2011, the shares of agriculture, industry and services in GDP are 17.2%, 26.4%, and 56.4% respectively.
Though, in India 51.1% of the total employment is in agriculture which is still high. Thus we can see that India's structural transformation is not a typical situation. More information about India's structural transformation can be found here (this is advanced material).
Rural-Urban Migration: The findings of Census 2011 show that the urban population increased more than the rural population did. India's rural population today is 90.6 million higher than it was a decade ago. But the urban population is 91 million higher than it was in 2001. The Census states three possible reasons: migration, natural increase and inclusion of more areas as urban. The share of migration in these figures is not available, but it is estimated that between 1991 and 2001, more than seven million people quit agriculture as their main source of livelihood. And, figures from Census 2001 suggest that rural-rural migration was greater (53 million) than rural-urban migration (20 million). Work/employment and education are cited by male migrants as reasons to migrate and marriage for female migrants. Again, India's structural transformation is a peculiar case. The above paper talks about it in detail.
However, migration not a managed phenomena – migrants tend to be extremely vulnerable (eg in the construction industry)
Shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates: India has seen a transition from a birth rate of 43.3 births (per 1000) from 1950-55, to 23.1 births (per 1000) in 2005-10. It has also experienced a reduction in death rates from 25.5 deaths (per 1000) in 1950-55, to 8.3 deaths (per 1000) in 2005-10.
===Activity No 1 - In-class discussion on migration ===
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*Estimated Time
*Materials/ Resources needed
Provide media articles on migration in Karnataka (you can use a search engine to collect media articles)
*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
*Multimedia resources
*Relevant local connections - people, places and materials
*Website interactives/ links
*Process
*What questions can you ask
*Assessments - incorporating elements of CCE
*Question Corner
# Can you identify anybody in your village who has migrated into the city? What are some of the reasons you can think of?
# Is migration good or bad for the economy?
===Activity No 2 - Discuss parents' professions ===
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*Estimated Time
*Materials/ Resources needed
*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
*Multimedia resources
*Relevant local connections - people, places and materials
*Website interactives/ links
*Process
*What questions can you ask
Are there changes in professions in families over time? Why has this happened?
*Assessments - incorporating elements of CCE
*Assessments - incorporating elements of CCE
*Question Corner
*Question Corner
