Anonymous

Changes

From Karnataka Open Educational Resources
m
Text replacement - "</mm>" to ""
Line 20: Line 20:  
= Concept Map =
 
= Concept Map =
 
__FORCETOC__
 
__FORCETOC__
<mm>[[Animal tissues.mm|Flash]]</mm>
+
[[File:Animal tissues.mm|Flash]]
    
= Textbook =
 
= Textbook =
Line 61: Line 61:  
[[File:simple_cuboidal.jpg|300px]]
 
[[File:simple_cuboidal.jpg|300px]]
   −
[[File:digestivesimplecolumnar.jpg|300px]]
+
[[File:simple-cuboidal-epithelium.jpg|300px]]
 
'''Cuboidal epithelium'''
 
'''Cuboidal epithelium'''
   Line 67: Line 67:  
#Activity No #1[[Epithelial_tissue_1]]
 
#Activity No #1[[Epithelial_tissue_1]]
 
#Activity No #2[[Epithelial_tissue_2]]
 
#Activity No #2[[Epithelial_tissue_2]]
 +
#Activity No #3[[Epithelial_tissue_3]]
    
==Concept #2 Muscular tissue==
 
==Concept #2 Muscular tissue==
Line 83: Line 84:  
Muscles present in our limbs can be moved or stopped by our conscious will. Such muscles are called voluntary muscles. These muscles are also called
 
Muscles present in our limbs can be moved or stopped by our conscious will. Such muscles are called voluntary muscles. These muscles are also called
 
skeletal muscles as they are mostly attached to bones and help in body movement. Under the microscope, these muscles show alternatelight and dark bands or striations when stained appropriately. As a result, they are also called striated muscles. The cells of this tissue are long, cylindrical, unbranched and
 
skeletal muscles as they are mostly attached to bones and help in body movement. Under the microscope, these muscles show alternatelight and dark bands or striations when stained appropriately. As a result, they are also called striated muscles. The cells of this tissue are long, cylindrical, unbranched and
multinucleate.These muscles fatigue easily.<br>
+
multinucleate.These muscles fatigue easily.
http://www.anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Images/Plate66.jpg
  −
'''Longitudinal section of Striped muscles'''
     −
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_guSOnFRs_Ks/TNvGn-s2D8I/AAAAAAAAAQo/A4rZFbinPWw/s1600/Skeletal+muscle+01a.jpg
+
[[File:striated_muscle.jpg|200px]]
'''T.S of Striped muscles'''
+
'''Striped muscles'''
    
'''Unstriped muscles'''<br>
 
'''Unstriped muscles'''<br>
 
Unstriped muscles are made up of spindle shaped, elongated muscle fibres without striations. They are called smooth muscles.The movement of food in the alimentary canal or the contraction and relaxation of blood vessels are involuntary movements. We cannot control these movements on our own will. Smooth muscles or involuntary muscles control such movements. They are also found in the iris of the eye, in ureters and in the bronchi of the lungs.<br>
 
Unstriped muscles are made up of spindle shaped, elongated muscle fibres without striations. They are called smooth muscles.The movement of food in the alimentary canal or the contraction and relaxation of blood vessels are involuntary movements. We cannot control these movements on our own will. Smooth muscles or involuntary muscles control such movements. They are also found in the iris of the eye, in ureters and in the bronchi of the lungs.<br>
   −
http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/Labs/Lab10/IMAGES/SMOOTH%20MUSCLE%20COMPOSITE.jpg
+
[[File:unstriatedMuscle-smooth.jpg|350px]]
'''Unstriped muscles'''
  −
 
  −
http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch40/40_05Muscle-smooth.jpg
   
'''Unstriped muscles'''
 
'''Unstriped muscles'''
   Line 102: Line 98:  
The muscles of the heart show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life. These involuntary muscles are called cardiac muscles. Heart muscle cells are cylindrical,elongated, branched and uninucleate. They do not fatigue easily.
 
The muscles of the heart show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life. These involuntary muscles are called cardiac muscles. Heart muscle cells are cylindrical,elongated, branched and uninucleate. They do not fatigue easily.
   −
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/MuscleCardiacCells.gif
+
[[File:MuscleCardiacCells.gif|300px]]
'''Cardiac muscles'''
  −
 
  −
http://www.aokainc.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/cardiac-muscle-tissue-structure.jpg
   
'''Cardiac muscles'''
 
'''Cardiac muscles'''
   −
http://images.3d4medical.com/_a/watermarked/0/3D4M000006783.jpg
+
[[File:cardiac_muscle.jpg|400px]]
 
'''Cardiac muscles'''
 
'''Cardiac muscles'''
    
===Activities===
 
===Activities===
#Activity No #1[[Muscular_tissue]]
+
#Activity No #1[[Muscular_tissue_1]]
#Activity No #2 '''page_name_concept_name_activity2'''
+
#Activity No #2[[Muscular_tissue_2]]
 +
#Activity No #3[[Muscular_tissue_3]]
    
==Concept #3 Connective tissue==
 
==Concept #3 Connective tissue==
Line 131: Line 125:  
Areolar connective tissue is found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow. It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in repair of tissues.<br>
 
Areolar connective tissue is found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow. It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in repair of tissues.<br>
   −
http://aandpeasyaspanda.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/areolar1.jpg
+
[[File:areolar.jpeg|300px]]
 
'''Areolar tissue'''
 
'''Areolar tissue'''
   Line 139: Line 133:  
*'''Reticular fibres'''.<br>
 
*'''Reticular fibres'''.<br>
   −
http://www.kshitij-school.com/Study-Material/Class-11/Biology/Structural-organisation-in-animals/Animal-tissues/4.jpg
+
[[File:areolar.jpg|300px]]
 
'''Figure showing different types of fibres and cells in areolar tissue'''
 
'''Figure showing different types of fibres and cells in areolar tissue'''
   Line 154: Line 148:  
In mammals, two types of adipose tissue exist: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT).
 
In mammals, two types of adipose tissue exist: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT).
   −
http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/Labs/Lab5/IMAGES/Brown%20adipose%20Tissue%20photo%20WITH%20LABEL%20copy.jpg
+
[[File:adipose.jpeg|200px]]
 
'''Adipose tissue with fat cells'''
 
'''Adipose tissue with fat cells'''
   −
http://education-portal.com/cimages/multimages/16/skin_layers_2.jpg
+
[[File:adipose.jpg|350px]]
 
'''Figure showing the location of adipose tissue below epidermis'''
 
'''Figure showing the location of adipose tissue below epidermis'''
   Line 163: Line 157:  
Reticular connective tissue is a type of connective tissue.It has a network of reticular fibers, made of type III collagen.Reticular connective tissue is found around the liver, the kidney, the spleen, and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow.Reticular connective tissue resembles areolar connective tissue, but the only fibers in its matrix are reticular fibers, which form a delicate network along which fibroblasts called reticular cells lie scattered. Although reticular fibers are widely distributed in the body, reticular tissue is limited to certain sites. It forms a labyrinth-like stroma or internal framework, that can support many free blood cells (large lymphocytes) in lymph nodes, the spleen, and red bone marrow.It forms the architectural framework of: liver, adipose tissue, bone marrow, spleen and basement membrane, to name a few.
 
Reticular connective tissue is a type of connective tissue.It has a network of reticular fibers, made of type III collagen.Reticular connective tissue is found around the liver, the kidney, the spleen, and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow.Reticular connective tissue resembles areolar connective tissue, but the only fibers in its matrix are reticular fibers, which form a delicate network along which fibroblasts called reticular cells lie scattered. Although reticular fibers are widely distributed in the body, reticular tissue is limited to certain sites. It forms a labyrinth-like stroma or internal framework, that can support many free blood cells (large lymphocytes) in lymph nodes, the spleen, and red bone marrow.It forms the architectural framework of: liver, adipose tissue, bone marrow, spleen and basement membrane, to name a few.
   −
http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/reticular1.jpg
+
[[File:reticular1.jpg|300px]]
 
'''Reticular tissue'''
 
'''Reticular tissue'''
   Line 169: Line 163:  
A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone or cartilage.Tendons contain more of white fibres. Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball. A tendon serves to move the bone or structure. A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable.They contain more of elastic fibres.
 
A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone or cartilage.Tendons contain more of white fibres. Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball. A tendon serves to move the bone or structure. A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable.They contain more of elastic fibres.
   −
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19089.jpg
+
[[File:Tendons_ligaments.jpg|300px]]
 +
'''Figure showing tendons and ligaments'''
 +
 
 +
[[File:tendon_ligament.jpeg|300px]]
 
'''Figure showing tendons and ligaments'''
 
'''Figure showing tendons and ligaments'''
   Line 183: Line 180:  
Cartilage found in between the vertebrae in the vertebral column chiefly contains collagen fibres.They are called '''fibrous cartilage'''.They bring about bending and stretching movements.<br>
 
Cartilage found in between the vertebrae in the vertebral column chiefly contains collagen fibres.They are called '''fibrous cartilage'''.They bring about bending and stretching movements.<br>
   −
http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/histology/elecart2.jpg
+
[[File:elasticcartilage.jpg|300px]]
 +
'''Elastic cartilage'''
   −
http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/Labs/Lab7/IMAGES/elastic%20cartilage%20WITH%20LABEL%20copy.jpg
+
[[File:hyalinecartilage.jpg|300px]]
 +
'''Hyaline cartilage'''
    
'''Bone tissue'''<br>
 
'''Bone tissue'''<br>
Line 198: Line 197:  
The haversian canals of adjoining haversian systems are interconnected by transverse canals called '''volkmann's canal'''.
 
The haversian canals of adjoining haversian systems are interconnected by transverse canals called '''volkmann's canal'''.
   −
http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1444/flashcards/678763/jpg/bone-tissue-(compact).jpg
+
[[File:Haversian.jpg|350px]]
 
'''Haversian systems'''
 
'''Haversian systems'''
   −
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Illu_compact_spongy_bone.jpg
+
[[File:compact_spongy_bone.jpg|350px]]
 
'''Cross section of long bone showing both spongy and compact osseous tissue'''
 
'''Cross section of long bone showing both spongy and compact osseous tissue'''
   Line 211: Line 210:  
In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume),and contains dissipated proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide, and blood cells themselves. Albumin is the main protein in plasma, and it functions to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. The blood cells are mainly '''red blood cells''' (also called RBCs or erythrocytes) and '''white blood cells''', including leukocytes and '''platelets'''.<br>
 
In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume),and contains dissipated proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide, and blood cells themselves. Albumin is the main protein in plasma, and it functions to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. The blood cells are mainly '''red blood cells''' (also called RBCs or erythrocytes) and '''white blood cells''', including leukocytes and '''platelets'''.<br>
 
The most abundant cells in vertebrate blood are '''red blood cells'''. These contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates transportation of oxygen. In contrast, carbon dioxide is almost entirely transported extracellularly dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ion. Red blood cells are the body's oxygen transport systems. They are not true cells, as they do not have a nuclei or organelles.Their life span is 100-120 days. Their color ranges from bright red to dark red, depending on how much oxygen they are carrying. In the lungs, the oxygen binds to hemoglobin, a protein with four iron-containing sites for oxygen to bind to. Hemoglobin is also what gives the cells their red color.The number of RBC varies from 4.5 to 5,5 million cells/cubic mm of blood.<br>
 
The most abundant cells in vertebrate blood are '''red blood cells'''. These contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates transportation of oxygen. In contrast, carbon dioxide is almost entirely transported extracellularly dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ion. Red blood cells are the body's oxygen transport systems. They are not true cells, as they do not have a nuclei or organelles.Their life span is 100-120 days. Their color ranges from bright red to dark red, depending on how much oxygen they are carrying. In the lungs, the oxygen binds to hemoglobin, a protein with four iron-containing sites for oxygen to bind to. Hemoglobin is also what gives the cells their red color.The number of RBC varies from 4.5 to 5,5 million cells/cubic mm of blood.<br>
 +
 +
[[File:RBC.jpeg|300px]]
 +
'''Red blood cells'''
 +
 
'''White blood cells''', or leukocytes, are the defense army within the blood tissue. They are the only true cells in the blood and are not limited to the blood stream. When called to defeat an infection or to dispose of a dead cell, they can squeeze through openings in the vessel walls. There, they can move through amoeboid action, meaning that they sprout cytoplasmic extensions that can move them. Leukocytes, along with platelets, usually make up less than 1% of blood.Their number varies from 6000 to 10000 cells/cubic mm of blood.<br>
 
'''White blood cells''', or leukocytes, are the defense army within the blood tissue. They are the only true cells in the blood and are not limited to the blood stream. When called to defeat an infection or to dispose of a dead cell, they can squeeze through openings in the vessel walls. There, they can move through amoeboid action, meaning that they sprout cytoplasmic extensions that can move them. Leukocytes, along with platelets, usually make up less than 1% of blood.Their number varies from 6000 to 10000 cells/cubic mm of blood.<br>
 +
 +
[[File:Red and white BC.jpg|300px]]
 +
'''White blood cells and RBC'''
    
Platelets are actually cell fragments that help in blood clotting. When a tear occurs in the blood vessels, platelets stick to the exposed collagen at the site of injury. They produce fibrous protein that traps other blood cells in a clot that stops blood from flowing and helps to prevent excess blood loss. Some platelets also secrete substances that signal other platelets to the break, substances that constrict blood vessels, or substances that promote an inflammatory response. Once the clot is formed, the platelets contract and pull the opening back together, thus healing the break.They are about 2,50,000 platelets in 1cc of blood.<br>
 
Platelets are actually cell fragments that help in blood clotting. When a tear occurs in the blood vessels, platelets stick to the exposed collagen at the site of injury. They produce fibrous protein that traps other blood cells in a clot that stops blood from flowing and helps to prevent excess blood loss. Some platelets also secrete substances that signal other platelets to the break, substances that constrict blood vessels, or substances that promote an inflammatory response. Once the clot is formed, the platelets contract and pull the opening back together, thus healing the break.They are about 2,50,000 platelets in 1cc of blood.<br>
 +
 +
[[File:platelet.jpg|300px]]
 +
'''RBC,WBC and platelets'''
    
Most of the blood cells contained in blood tissue don't last very long. Red blood cells only last about 100-120 days before they are disassembled, recycled, and disposed of. Platelets last about 10 days if they do not need to clot blood. The bone marrow makes and releases blood cells into the blood on a regular basis to replace old blood cells. Thus, the tissue is constantly being restored.<br>
 
Most of the blood cells contained in blood tissue don't last very long. Red blood cells only last about 100-120 days before they are disassembled, recycled, and disposed of. Platelets last about 10 days if they do not need to clot blood. The bone marrow makes and releases blood cells into the blood on a regular basis to replace old blood cells. Thus, the tissue is constantly being restored.<br>
Line 225: Line 234:  
Lymph nodes make immune cells that help the body fight infection. They also filter the lymph fluid and remove foreign material such as bacteria and cancer cells. When bacteria are recognized in the lymph fluid, the lymph nodes make more infection-fighting white blood cells, which causes the nodes to swell. The swollen nodes are sometimes felt in the neck, under the arms, and groin.<br>
 
Lymph nodes make immune cells that help the body fight infection. They also filter the lymph fluid and remove foreign material such as bacteria and cancer cells. When bacteria are recognized in the lymph fluid, the lymph nodes make more infection-fighting white blood cells, which causes the nodes to swell. The swollen nodes are sometimes felt in the neck, under the arms, and groin.<br>
 
The lymphatic system includes the tonsils, adenoids, spleen, and thymus.
 
The lymphatic system includes the tonsils, adenoids, spleen, and thymus.
 +
 +
[[File:Lymph-Capillaries.jpg|300px]]
    
===Activities===
 
===Activities===
 
#Activity No #1 [[Animal_tissues_Loose_connective_tissue]]
 
#Activity No #1 [[Animal_tissues_Loose_connective_tissue]]
 
#Activity No #2 [[Animal_tissues_Dense_connective_tissue]]
 
#Activity No #2 [[Animal_tissues_Dense_connective_tissue]]
#Activity No #3 [[Animal_tissues_Fluid_connective_tissue]]
+
#Activity No #3 [[Animal_tissues_Fluid_connective_tissue_1]]
#Activity No #4 [[Animal_tissues_Fluid_connective_tissue]]
+
#Activity No #4 [[Animal_tissues_Fluid_connective_tissue_2]]
    
==Concept #4 Nerve tissue==
 
==Concept #4 Nerve tissue==
Line 240: Line 251:     
Functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, control of muscles and glands, homeostasis, and mental activity.
 
Functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, control of muscles and glands, homeostasis, and mental activity.
 +
 +
[[File:neuron.jpg|300px]]
 +
'''A neuron'''
 +
 +
[[File:neurons.jpg|300px]]
 +
'''Nerve tissue'''
 +
 
===Activities===
 
===Activities===
 
#Activity No #1[[Animal_tissues_Nerve_tissue]]
 
#Activity No #1[[Animal_tissues_Nerve_tissue]]
1,823

edits