Text Books Laboratory

NCERT Science Laboratory Manuals

NCERT Science Class IX Laboratory Manuals

Sl No	Topic Name	Page No	Link to the Topic
1	Introduction	1	Lab Manual Part 1
2	General Laboratory Facilities	3
3	Preparing Students for Laboratory Work	6
4	General Laboratory Rules	7
5	First Aid Treatment	9
6	Recording of Experiment	10
Sl No	UNIT I - MATERIALS	Page No	Link to the Experiments
1	To study the different parts of a simple (dissecting) Microscope	13	Lab Manual Part 2
2	To study the different parts of a compound Microscope	16
3	To determine the density of a liquid (other than water) by using a spring balance and a measuring cylinder	21
4	To determine the density of a non-porous solid(insoluble and denser than water) by using a spring balance and a measuring cylinder	25
5	To show that gases are readily compressible and liquids are not	29
6	To study the changes in state of sublimate solids on heating	32
7	To study the process of evaporation	35
8	To determine the boiling point of water and melting point of ice	37
9	To prepare a saturated solution of common salt in distilled water and to determine its solubility at room temperature	41
10	To prepare a solution of common salt of 10% composition by mass	46
11	To separate the components of a mixture of sand,common salt and ammonium chloride	49
12	To prepare solutions of various substance and to identify them as true solutions and suspension	53
13	To prepare a colloidal solution of sulphur and differentiate it from a true solution or from a suspension on the basis of transparency and filtration	55
14	To study the process of separation of a mixture of two immiscible liquids	58
15	To separate a mixture of two miscible liquids by simple distillation	60
16	To differentiate between a mixture (containing two components) and a pure compound	63
17	To verify the law of conservation of mass in a chemical reaction	66
Sl No	UNIT II - THE WORLD OF LIVING	Page No	Link to the Experiments
1	To prepare a stained, temporary mount of onion peel and to study the cells	69	Lab Manual Part 3
2	To prepare a temporary mount of human cheek epithelial cells, and to study its characteristics	72
3	To study the phenomenon of osmosis	75
4	To study plasmolysis in leaf epidermal peels of Rhoeo	78
5	To test the presence of starch in a given food or Tradescantia. sample and metanil yellow in pigeon pea	81
6	To study parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants by preparing temporary slides	83
7	To identify and study striated muscle fibre and nerve fibre in animals	88
8	To study the characteristics of Spirogyra, Agaricus, moss, fern, Pinus and an angiosperm plant	91
9	To prepare herbarium sheet of a flowering plant	96
10	To study the features and draw diagrams of earthworm, cockroach, bony fish and bird	100
11	To compare the external features of monocot and dicot Plants	104
12	To study the life cycle of a mosquito	108
13	To study the life cycle of malarial parasite	111
14	To collect and study symptoms of diseases in locally available crop plants	114
Sl No	UNIT III - MOVING THINGS, PEOPLE AND IDEAS	Page No	Link to the Experiments
1	To plot distance–time (s – t) and graph for an object moving with a uniform speed from a given set of s and t data and to determine the speed of the Object	117	Lab Manual Part 4
2	To plot the speed–time (v – t) graph for an object moving with uniform accelerations from a given set of v – t data and to determine the acceleration of the moving object and the distance moved by the object	122
3	To study the third law of motion using two spring balances	128
4	To study the variation in limiting friction with mass and the nature of surfaces in contact	133
5	To verify Archimedes’ principle	139
6	To establish the relation between the loss in weight of a solid when fully immersed in (i) tap water;(ii)strongly salty water, with the weight of water displaced by it by taking at least two different solids	144
7	To plot temperature–time graph for a hot object as it Cools	149
8	To study the effect of amplitude on the time period of a simple pendulum	153
9	To study the variation in time period of a simple pendulum with its length	158
10	To study the effect of mass on the time period of a simple pendulum	163
11	To determine the speed of a transverse pulse propagated through a stretched string	168
12	To determine the speed of a longitudinal pulse propagated through a stretched slinky	173
13	To study the reflection of sound	180

NCERT Science Class X Laboratory Manuals

Sl No	Topic Name	Page No	Link to the Topic
1	Introduction	1	Lab Manual Part 1
2	General Laboratory Facilities	3
3	Preparing Students for Laboratory Work	7
4	General Laboratory Rules	7
5	First Aid Treatment	9
6	Recording of Experiment	10
Sl No	UNIT I - MATERIALS	Page No	Link to the Experiments
1	To study the chemical reaction of an iron nail with aqueous copper sulphate solution; and to study the burning of magnesium ribbon in air	13	Lab Manual Part 2
2	To study the following chemical reactions: (a) zinc with sulphuric acid; (b) precipitation reaction between aqueous solution of barium chloride and aqueous solution of sodium sulphate; and (c) thermal decomposition of ammonium chloride in an open container	18
3	To measure the change in temperature during chemical reactions and to conclude whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic	25
4	To study the reactions of hydrochloric acid with zinc metal, sodium carbonate, and sodium hydroxide	28
5	To study the reactions of sodium hydroxide with aluminum metal and hydrochloric acid	32
6	To show that acids, bases, and salts are electrolytes	35
7	To find the pH of the given samples of solutions of solids or fruit juices using pH paper	39
8	To identify bleaching powder among given samples of chemicals	42
9	To identify washing soda or baking soda among given samples of chemicals	45
10	To show that crystals of copper sulphate contain water of crystallisation	49
11	To study the interaction of metals such as magnesium, zinc, iron, tin, lead, copper, aluminum (any four) with their salt solutions and to arrange them according to their reactivity	51
12	To study the reaction of metals with water under different temperature conditions	54
13	To study reaction of metals with dilute acids	58
14	To prepare sulpher dioxide gas and study its physical and chemical properties	61
15	To prepare carbon dioxide gas and study its physical and chemical properties	65
16	To study the process of electrolysis	69
17	To study physical and chemical properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid)	73
18	To study esterification reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid	76
19	To study some oxidation reactions of alcohol	79
20	To study saponification reaction for preparation of soap	82
21	To compare the foaming capacity of different samples of soap	85
22	To study the comparative cleansing capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water	89
Sl No	UNIT II - THE WORLD OF THE LIVING	Page No	Link to the Experiments
23	To prepare temporary mounts of leaf peels to observe stomata and to differentiate between dicot and monocot stomata	93	Lab Manual Part 3
24	To show that light is essential for photosynthesis	96
25	To show that carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis	99
26	To study the liberation of carbon dioxide gas during aerobic respiration	102
27	To study the liberation of carbon dioxide gas during fermentation	108
28	To study the action of salivary amylase on starch solution	112
29	To determine the mass percentage of water imbibed by raisins	115
30	To study the phenomenon of phototropism and geotropism in plants	118
31	To study binary fission in Amoeba or Paramoecium and budding in yeast or Hydra	122
32	To study vegetative propagation in potato, Bryophyllum, and an aquatic plants	125
33	To study the parts of a flower and their role in sexual reproduction	128
Sl No	UNIT III - THE NATURAL PHENOMENON	Page No	Link to the Experiments
34	To verify the laws of reflection of light using a plane mirror	132	Lab Manual Part 4
35	To draw the images of an object formed by a concave mirror when the object is placed at various positions	136
36	To determine the focal length of a concave mirror by obtaining image of a distant object	142
37	To study the formation of an image of a lighted candle by a concave mirror, when placed slightly beyond the centre of curvature	146
38	To study the formation of an image of a lighted candle by a concave mirror, when placed between the centre of curvature and the principal focus	151
39	To study the formation of an image of a lighted candle by a concave mirror, when placed at the centre of curvature	156
40	To trace the path of a ray of light passing obliquely through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence and to measure the angle of incidence,angle of refraction, the angle of emergence, and interpret the results	161
41	To trace the path of a ray of light passing obluiquely through a rectangular glass slab and to determine the refreactive index of the glass	165
42	To trace the path of a ray of light through a glass prism and to measure the angle of deviation	170
43	To draw the images of an object formed by a convex lens when placed at various positions	174
44	To determine the focal length of a thin convex lens by obtaining image of a distant object	180
45	To study the formation of an image of a lighted candle by a convex lens when placed at a distance slightly more than the twice of the focal length (f) from the optical centre of the lens	184
46	To study the formation of an image of a lighted candle by a convex lens when placed at a distance of 2f convex from the optical centre of the convex lens	189
47	To study the formation of an image of a lighted candle by a convex lens when placed at a distance less than 2f but more than f from the optical centre of the convex lens	194
Sl No	UNIT IV - HOW THINGS WORK	Page No	Link to the Experiments
48	To study the dependence of the potential difference across a resistor on the current through it and to determine its resistance and to verify the Ohm’s law	199	Lab Manual Part 5
49	To study the factors that affects the resistance of a resistor	204
50	To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors connected in series combination	209
51	To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors connected in parallel combination	213
52	To draw the magnetic field lines of a bar magnet	217
53	To draw the magnetic field lines of a current-carrying straight wire	221
54	To study the magnetic field of an electromagnet	226
55	To study the force on a current-carrying straight conductor in a magnetic field and to verify that the motion of conductor is according to Fleming's Left Hand Rule	231
56	To study the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction	236
Sl No	UNIT V - PROJECT WORK	Page No	Link to the Experiments
1	Types of Project,Some Suggestivve Projects and Exemplar Project Write-Ups	242	Lab Manual Part 6
2	Bio-degradable and non-bio-degradable Wastes	247
3	Land Area and Leaf Area of a Plant	250
4	Rusting of Iron	253