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From Karnataka Open Educational Resources
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Investigating the diameter is the longest chord of a circle.
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_History The Story of Mathematics]
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|style=" width:10%; border:none; border-radius:5px;box-shadow: 10px 10px 10px #888888; background:#f9f9ff; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; "|[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Philosophy Philosophy of Mathematics]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Pedagogy Teaching of Mathematics]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Curriculum_and_Syllabus Curriculum and Syllabus]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Topics Topics in School Mathematics]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Text_Books#Mathematics_-_Textbooks Textbooks]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Question_Papers Question Bank]
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While creating a resource page, please click here for a resource creation [http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Resource_Creation_Checklist '''checklist'''].
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= Concept Map =
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===Objectives===
__FORCETOC__
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To understand longest chord passes through the centre and it is the diameter
<mm>[[circles_and_lines.mm|flash]]</mm>
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===Estimated Time===
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30 minutes
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= Textbook =
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===Prerequisites/Instructions, prior preparations, if any===
To add textbook links, please follow these instructions to:
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Prior knowledge of point, lines, angles, polygons
([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/textbook|action=edit}} Click to create the subpage])
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=Additional Information=
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===Materials/ Resources needed===
==Useful websites==
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* Digital : Computer, geogebra application, projector.
#[http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/geometry/GP14/PracCircleSegments.htm www.regentsprep.com] conatins good objective problems on chords and secants <br>
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* Non digital : Worksheet and pencil, compass, strings
#[http://www.mathwarehouse.com/geometry/circle/tangents-secants-arcs-angles.php www.mathwarehouse.com] contains good content on circles for different classes<br>
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* Geogebra files :  [https://ggbm.at/c4eg7q2u Diameter is longest chord.ggb]
#[http://staff.argyll.epsb.ca/jreed/math20p/circles/tangent.htm staff.argyll]  contains good simulations
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{{Geogebra|c4eg7q2u}}
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==Reference Books==
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===Process (How to do the activity)===
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Use the geogebra file to show how diameter is the longest chord.
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= Teaching Outlines =
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Move the points on the circle to show the changes in the triangle.
Chord and its related theorems
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==Concept #1 Chord==
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===Learning objectives===
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# Meaning of circle and chord.
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# Method to measure the perpendicular distance of the chord from the centre of the circle.
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# Properties of chord.
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# Able to relate chord properties to find unknown measures in a circle.
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# Apply chord properties for proof of further theorems in circles.
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# Understand the meaning of congruent chords.
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===Notes for teachers===
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# A chord is a straight line joining 2 points on the circumference of a circle.
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# Chords within a circle can be related in many ways.
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# The theorems that involve chords of a circle are :
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* Perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center of a circle.
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* Congruent chords are equidistant from the center of a circle.
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* If two chords in a circle are congruent, then their intercepted arcs are congruent.
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* If two chords in a circle are congruent, then they determine two central angles that are congruent.
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===Activity No 1[Theorem 1: Perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center of a circle.] ===
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What is the condition with respect to sides for formation of a triangle. Sum of two sides is larger than the third side.
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
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|}
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*Estimated Time:20 minutes
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*Materials/ Resources needed:Laptop, Geogebra file, projector and a pointer.
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any:
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# Basic concepts of a circle and its related terms should have been covered.
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*Multimedia resources: Laptop.
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*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets:
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This geogebra has been created by ITfc-Edu-team.
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<ggb_applet width="1280" height="572" version="4.0" 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enableRightClick="false" showAlgebraInput="false" enableShiftDragZoom="true" showMenuBar="false" showToolBar="false" showToolBarHelp="true" enableLabelDrags="false" showResetIcon="true" />
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*Process:
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# Show the children the geogebra file and ask the listed questions below.
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*Developmental Questions:
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# What is a chord ?
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# At how many points on the circumference does the chord touch a circle .
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# What is a bisector ?
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# What is a perpendicular bisector ?
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# In each case the perpendicular bisector passes through which point ?
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*Evaluation
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# What is the angle formed at the point of intersection of chord and radius ?
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# Are the students able to understand what a perpendicular bisector is ?
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# Are the students realising that perpendicular bisector drawn for any length of chords for any circle always passes through the center of the circle .
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*Question Corner:
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# What do you infer ?
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# How can you reason that the perpendicular bisector for any length of chord always passes through the centre of the circle.
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===Activity No # 2.[Theorem 2.Congruent chords are equidistant from the center of a circle.] ===
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Compare the chord length with sum of two radii. When is the triangle reduced to a line segment.
{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
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|<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f5f5f5; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
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|}
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*Estimated Time :40 minutes.
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*Materials/ Resources needed:Laptop, geogebra,projector and a pointer.
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
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# Basics of circles and its related terms should have been done.
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*Multimedia resources: Laptop, geogebra file, projector and a pointer.
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*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets : This geogebra file has been created by Tharanath Achar of Dakshina kannada.
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enableRightClick="false" showAlgebraInput="false" enableShiftDragZoom="true" showMenuBar="false" showToolBar="false" showToolBarHelp="true" enableLabelDrags="false" showResetIcon="true" />
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*Process:
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# Show geogebra file and ask the questions below.
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*Developmental Questions:
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# What is a chord ?
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# Name the centre of the circle.
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# How do you draw congruent chords in a circle ?
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# How many chords do you see in the figure ? Name them.
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# If  both the chords are congruent, what can you say about the length of both the chords ?
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# How can we measure the length of the chord ?
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# What is the procedure to draw perpendicular bisector ?
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# What does theorem 1 say ? Do you all remember ?
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# What is the length of both chords here ?
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# What can you conclude ?
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# Repeat this for circles of different radii and for different lengths of congruent chords.
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*Evaluation:
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# Were the students able to comprehend the drawing of congruent chords in a circle ?
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# Were the students able to comprehend why congruent chords are always equal for a given circle. Let any student explain the analogy.  
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# Are the students able to understand that this theorem can be very useful in solving problems related to circles and triangles ?
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*Question Corner:
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# What is a chord ?
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# What are congruent chords ?
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# Why do you think congruent chords are always equal for a circle of given radius ?
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===Activity No # ===
+
What can you conclude about the chord? When is it the largest?
{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
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|<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f5f5f5; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
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|}
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*Estimated Time
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*Materials/ Resources needed
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
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*Multimedia resources
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*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets
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*Process/ Developmental Questions
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[[Category:Circles]]
*Evaluation
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*Question Corner
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===Activity No # ===
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{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
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|<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f5f5f5; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
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|}
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*Estimated Time
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*Materials/ Resources needed
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
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*Multimedia resources
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*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets
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*Process/ Developmental Questions
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*Evaluation
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*Question Corner
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==Concept #2.Secant and Tangent==
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===Learning objectives===
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# The secant is a line passing through a circle touching it at any two points on the circumference.
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# A tangent is a line toucing the circle at only one point on the circumference.
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===Notes for teachers===
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===Activity No # 1.Understanding Secant and Tangent using geogebra. ===
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{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
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|<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f5f5f5; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
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|}
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*Estimated Time: 15 minutes
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*Materials/ Resources needed: Laptop, geogebra file, projector and a pointer.
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any:
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# The students should have a prior knowledge about a circle and its basic parts and terms.
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# They should know the clear distinction between radius, diameter, chord, secant and tangent.
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*Multimedia resources : Laptop and projector
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*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets
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This geogebra file has been made by ITfC-Edu-team
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<ggb_applet width="1280" height="600" version="4.0" ggbBase64="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" enableRightClick="false" showAlgebraInput="false" enableShiftDragZoom="true" showMenuBar="false" showToolBar="false" showToolBarHelp="true" enableLabelDrags="false" showResetIcon="true" />
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*Process:
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# The teacher can show the geogebra file.
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# Move the points on circumference and explain secant.
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# When both endpoints of secant meet, it becomes a tangent.
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Developmental Questions:
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# Name the points on the circumference of the circle.
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# At how many points is the line touching the circle ?
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# What is the line called ?
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*Evaluation
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# What is the difference between the secant and a tangent?
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# What is the difference between the chord and a secant ?
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*Question Corner
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# Can you draw a secant touching 3 points on the circle ?
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# At how many points does a tangent touch a circle ?
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# How many tangents can be drawn to a circle ?
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# How many tangents can be drawn to a circle at any one given point ?
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# How many parallel tangents can a circle have at the most ?
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  −
===Activity No # ===
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{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
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|<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f5f5f5; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
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|}
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*Estimated Time
  −
*Materials/ Resources needed
  −
*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
  −
*Multimedia resources
  −
*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets
  −
*Process/ Developmental Questions
  −
*Evaluation
  −
*Question Corner
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==Concept # Construction of tangents==
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===Learning objectives===
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# The students should know that tangent is a straight line touching the circle at one and only point.
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# They should understand that a tangent is perpendicular to the radius of the circle.
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# The construction protocol of a tangent.
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# Constructing a tangent to a point on the circle.
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# Constructing tangents to a circle from external point at a given distance.
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# A tangent that is common to two circles is called a common tangent.
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# A common tangent with both centres on the same side of the tangent is called a direct common tangent.
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# A common tangent with both centres on either side of the tangent is called a transverse common tangent.
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===Notes for teachers===
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===Activity No # 1. Construction of Direct common tangent ===
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{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
  −
|<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f5f5f5; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
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|}
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*Estimated Time: 90 minutes
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*Materials/ Resources needed:
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# Laptop, geogebra file, projector and a pointer.
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# Students' individual construction materials.
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
  −
# The students should have prior knowledge of a circle , tangent and the limiting case of a secant as a tangent.
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# They should understand that a tangent is always perpendicular to the radius of the circle.
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# They should know construction of a tangent to a given point.
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# If the same straight line is a tangent to two or more circles, then it is called a common tangent.
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# If the centres of the circles lie on the same side of the common tangent, then the tangent is called a direct common tangent.
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# Note: In general,
  −
*The two circles are named as C1 and C2
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* The distance between the centre of two circles is 'd'
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* Radius of one circle is taken as 'R' and other as 'r'
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* The length of tangent is 't'
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*Multimedia resources:Laptop
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*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets : This geogebra file was created by Mallikarjun sudi of Yadgir.
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*Process:
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The teacher can explain the step by step construction of Direct common tangent  and with an example.<br>
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Developmental Questions:
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# What is a tangent
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# What is a common tangent ?
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# What is a direct common tangent ?
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# What is R and r  ?
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# What does the length OA represent here ?
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# Why was a third circle constructed ?
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# Let us try to construct direct common tangent without the third circle and see.
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# What should be the radius of the third circle ?
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# Why was OA bisected and semi circle constructed ?
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# What were OB and OC extended ?
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# What can you say about lines AB and AC ?
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# Name the direct common tangents .
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# At what points is the tangent touching the circles ?
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# Identify the two right angled triangles formed from the figure ? What do you understand ?
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*Evaluation:
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# Is the student able to comprehend the sequence of steps in constructing the tangent.
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# Is the student able to identify error areas while constructing ?
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# Is the student observing that the angle between the tangent and radius at the point of intersection is 90º ?
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# Is the student able to appreciate that the direct common tangents from the same external point are equal and subtend equal angles at the center.
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*Question Corner:
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# What do you think are the applications of tangent constructions ?
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# What is the formula to find the length of direct common tangent ?
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# Can a direct common tangent be drawn to two circles one inside the other ? 
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# Observe the point of intersection of extended tangents in relation with the centres of two circles. Infer.
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# What are properties of direct common tangents ?
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# [Note for  teachers : Evaluate if it is possible to construct a direct common tangent without the third circle.] Examine with the help of following geogebra file made by Ranjani.
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===Activity No # 2. Construction of Transverse common tangent===
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{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
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|<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f5f5f5; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
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|}
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*Estimated Time: 45 minutes
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*Materials/ Resources needed:
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# Laptop, geogebra file, projector and a pointer.
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# Students' individual construction materials.
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
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# The students should have prior knowledge of a circle , tangent and direct and transverse common tangents .
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# They should understand that a tangent is always perpendicular to the radius of the circle.
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# They should know construction of a tangent to a given point.
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# If the same straight line is a tangent to two or more circles, then it is called a common tangent.
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# If the centres of the circles lie on opposite side of the common tangent, then the tangent is called a transverse common tangent.
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# Note: In general,
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*The two circles are named as C1 and C2
  −
* The distance between the centre of two circles is 'd'
  −
* Radius of one circle is taken as 'R' and other as 'r'
  −
* The length of tangent is 't'
  −
*Multimedia resources: Laptop
  −
*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets
  −
<ggb_applet width="1280" height="600" version="4.0" 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enableRightClick="false" showAlgebraInput="false" enableShiftDragZoom="true" showMenuBar="false" showToolBar="false" showToolBarHelp="true" enableLabelDrags="false" showResetIcon="true" />
  −
*Process:
  −
# The teacher can explain the step by step construction of Transverse common tangent.
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Developmental Questions
  −
# What is a transverse common tangent ?
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# What is the radius of the third circle ?
  −
# What is the difference in finding the radius of the third circle in constructing Dct and that of Tct ?
  −
# Why was a third circle constructed ?
  −
# Let us try to construct transverse common tangent without the third circle and see.
  −
# Name the transverse common tangents .
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# At what points is the tangent touching the circles ?
  −
*Evaluation:
  −
# Is the student able to comprehend the sequence of steps in constructing the tangent.
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# Is the student able to identify error areas while constructing ?
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# Is the student observing that the angle between the tangent and radius at the point of intersection is 90º ?
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# Is the student able to understand the difference in the construction protocol between direct common tangent and transverse common tangent ?
  −
*Question Corner:# What do you think are the applications of tangent constructions ?
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# What is the formula to find the length of transverse common tangent ?
  −
# Can a direct common tangent be drawn to two circles one inside the other ? 
  −
# What are properties of transverse common tangents ?
  −
*Evaluation:
  −
# Were the students able to comprehend the steps in transverse common tangent construction ?
  −
*Question Corner:
  −
# Can you construct a transverse common tangent without the third circle ?
  −
 
  −
==Concept # Cyclic quadrilateral==
  −
===Learning objectives===
  −
# A quadrilateral ABCD is called cyclic if all four vertices of it lie on a circle.
  −
# In a cyclic quadrilateral the sum of opposite interior angles is 180 degrees.
  −
# If the sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 180, the quadrilateral is cyclic.
  −
# In a cyclic quadrilateral the exterior angle is equal to interior opposite angle
  −
===Notes for teachers===
  −
===Activity#1. Cyclic quadrilateral ===                                                                                                             
  −
*Estimated Time 10 minutes
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*Materials/ Resources needed: Laptop, geogebra file, projector and a pointer.
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
  −
# Circles and quadrilaterals should have been covered.
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*Multimedia resources : Laptop
  −
*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets; This geogebra file was created by ITfC-Edu-Team.
  −
<ggb_applet width="1282" height="601" version="4.0" 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enableRightClick="false" showAlgebraInput="false" enableShiftDragZoom="true" showMenuBar="false" showToolBar="false" showToolBarHelp="true" enableLabelDrags="false" showResetIcon="true" />
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*Process:
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# Show the geogebra file.
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# Move points, the vertices of the quadrilateral and let the students observe the sum of opposite interior angles.
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Developmental Questions:
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# What two figures do you see in the figure ?
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# Name the vertices of the quadrilateral.
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# Where are all the 4 vertices situated ?
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# Name the opposite interior angles of the quadrilateral.
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# What do you observe about them.
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*Evaluation:
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# Compare the cyclic quadrilateral to circumcircle.
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*Question Corner
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# Name this special quadrilateral.
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===Activity No # 2.Properties of a Cyclic quadrilateral===                                                                                                         
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*Estimated Time: 45 minutes
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*Materials/ Resources needed
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coloured paper, pair if scissors, sketch pen, carbon paper, geometry box
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
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# Circles and quadrilaterals should have been covered.
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*Multimedia resources
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*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets
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This activity has been taken from the website http://mykhmsmathclass.blogspot.in/2007/11/class-ix-activity-16.html
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*Process:
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Note: Refer the above geogebra file to understand the below mentioned labelling.,br>
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# Draw a circle of any radius on a coloured paper and cut it.
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# Paste the circle cut out on a rectangular sheet of paper.
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# By paper folding get chords AB, BC, CD and DA in order.
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# Draw AB, BC, CD & DA. A cyclic quadrilateral ABCD is obtained.
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# Make a replica of cyclic quadrilateral ABCD using carbon paper.
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# Cut the replica into 4 parts such that each part contains one angle .
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# Draw a straight line on a paper.
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# Place angle BAD and angle BCD adjacent to each other on the straight line.Write the observation.
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# Place angle ABC and angle ADC adjacent to each other on the straight line . Write the observation.
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# Produce AB to form a ray AE such that exterior angle CBE is formed.
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# Make a replica of angle ADC and place it on angle CBE . Write the observation.
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Developmental Questions:
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# How do you take radius ?
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# What is the circumference ?
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# What is a chord ?
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# What is a quadrilateral ?
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# Where are all four vertices of a quadrilateral located ?
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# What part are we trying to cut and compare ?
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# What can you infer ?
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*Evaluation:
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# Angle BAD and angle BCD, when placed adjacent to each other on a straight line, completely cover the straight angle.What does this mean ?
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# Angle ABC and angle ADC, when placed adjacent to each other on a straight line, completely cover the straight angle.What can you conclude ?
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# Compare angle ADC with angle CBE.
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*Question Corner:
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Name the two properties of cyclic quarilaterals.
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= Hints for difficult problems =
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#Tanjents AP and AQ are drawn to circle with centre O, from an external point A. Prove that  ∠PAQ=2.∠ OPQ
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Please click [http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Class10_circles_tangents here] for solution.
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[[Class10_circles_tangents| here]]
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= Project Ideas =
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= Math Fun =
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'''Usage'''
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Create a new page and type <nowiki>{{subst:Math-Content}}</nowiki> to use this template
 
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