# Problem 1

Tangents AP and AQ are drawn to circle with centre O, from an external point A. Prove that ∠PAQ=2.∠ OPQ

## Interpretation of the problem

1. O is the centre of the circle and tangents AP and AQ are drawn from an external point A.
2. OP and OQ are the radii.
3. The students have to prove thne angle PAQ=twise the angle OPQ.

## Concepts used

1. The radii of a circle are equal.
2. In any circle the radius drawn at the point of contact is perpendicular to the tangent.
3. The tangent drawn from an external point to a circle a] are equal b] subtend equal angle at the centre c] are equally inclined to the line joining the centre and extrnal point.
4. Properties of isoscles triangle.
5. Properties of quadrillateral ( sum of all angles) is 360 degrees
6. Sum of three angles of triangle is 180 degrees.

## Algorithm

OP=OQ ---- radii of the same circle OA is joined.
∠APO=∠AQO=${\displaystyle 90^{0}}$ [radius drawn at the point of contact is perpendicular to the tangent]
∠PAQ+∠POQ=${\displaystyle 180^{0}}$
Or, ∠PAQ+∠POQ=${\displaystyle 180^{0}}$
∠PAQ = ${\displaystyle 180^{0}}$-∠POQ ----------1
Triangle POQ is isoscles. Therefore ∠OPQ=∠OQP
∠POQ+∠OPQ+∠OQP=${\displaystyle 180^{0}}$
Or ∠POQ+2∠OPQ=${\displaystyle 180^{0}}$
2∠OPQ=${\displaystyle 180^{0}}$- ∠POQ ------2
From 1 and 2
∠PAQ=2∠OPQ

# Problem-2

In the figure two circles touch each other externally at P. AB is a direct common tangent to these circles. Prove that
a). Tangent at P bisects AB at Q
b). ∠APB=90° (Exescise-15.2, B.3)

## Interpretation of the problem

1. In the given figure two circles touch externally.
2. AB is the direct common tangent to these circles.
3. PQ is the transverse common tangent drawn to these circles at point P.
4. Using the tangent properties students have to show AQ=BQ and ∠APB=90°

## Concepts used

1. The tangent drawn from an external point to a circle
a) are equal
b] subtend equal angle at the center
c] are equally inclined to the line joining the center and external point.
2. Angle subtended by equal sides are equal.
3. Axiom-1:- "Things which are equal to same thing are equal"

## Algorithm

In the above figure AB is direct common tangent to two circles and PQ is the Transverse common tangent.
a)
AQ=QP and BQ=QP (Tangents drawn from external point are equal)
By axiom-1, AQ=BQ
∴tangent at P bisects AB at Q.
b)
Let ∠QBP=x˚

∴∠QPB=x˚ (∵PQ=BQ)
Now Let ∠PAQ=y˚
∠QPA=y˚ (∵ PQ=AQ)
∴In △PAB

∠PAB+∠PBA+∠APB=180˚

y˚+x˚+(x˚+y˚)=180˚
2x˚+2y˚=180˚
2(x˚+y˚)=180˚
x˚+y˚=90˚
∴ ∠APB=90˚

# problem 3 [Ex-15.2 B.7]

Circles ${\displaystyle C_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle C_{2}}$ touch internally at a point A and AB is a chord of the circle${\displaystyle C_{1}}$ intersecting ${\displaystyle C_{2}}$ at P, Prove that AP= PB.

## Concepts used

1. The radii of a circle are equal
2. Properties of isosceles triangle.
3. SAS postulate
4. Properties of congruent triangles.

## Prerequisite knowledge

1. The radii of a circle are equal.
2. In an isosceles triangle angles opposite to equal sides are equal.
3. All the elements of congruent triangles are equal.

## Algoritham

In ∆AOB
AO=BO [Radii of a same circle]
∴ ∠OAB = ∠OBA --------------I [∆AOB is an isosceles ∆}
Then,
In ∆AOP and ∆BOP,
AO = BO [Radii of a same circle]
OP=OP [common side]
∠OAP = ∠OBP [ from I]
∴ ∆AOP ≅ ∆BOP [SAS postulate]
∴ AP = BP [corresponding sides of congruent triangles ]

# problem-4

In the given Quadrilateral ABCD , BC=38cm , QB=27cm , DC=25cm and AD⊥DC find the radius of the circle.(Ex:15.2. A-6)

## Interpretation of problem

1. In the quadrilateral ABCD sides BC , DC & QB are given .

## Concepts used

1. Tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
2. In a quadrilateral, if all angles are equal and a pair of adjacent sides are equal then it is a square
3. In a circle, the radius drawn at the point of contact is perpendicular to the tangent

## Algorithm

In the fig BC=38 cm and BQ=27 cm
BQ=BR=27 cm (∵ by concept 1)
∴CR=BC-BR=38-27=11 cm
CR=SC=11 cm (∵ by concept 1)
DC=25 cm
∴ DS=DC-SC=25-11=14 cm
DS=DP=14 cm (∵ by concept 1)
∠D=∠S=∠P=90˚
⇒ ∠O=90˚
∴ DSOP is a Square
SO=OP=14 cm
hence Radius of given circle is 14 cm

# Problem 5 [Ex-15.2-B8]

A circle is touching the side BC of △ABC at P. AB and AC when produced are touching the circle at Q and R respectively. Prove that AQ =${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}}$ [perimeter of △ABC].

## Algorithm

In the figure AQ , AR and BC are tangents to the circle with center O.
BP=BQ and PC=CR (Tangents drawn from external point are equal) ---------- (1)

Perimeter of △ABC=AB+BC+CA
=AB+(BP+PC)+CA
=AB+BQ+CR+CA ------ (From eq-1)
=(AB+BQ)+(CR+CA)
=AQ+AR ----- (From fig)
=AQ+AQ -- --- (∵AQ=AR)
=2AQ

∴ AQ = ${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}}$ [perimeter of △ABC]

# Problem-6 [Ex-15.4-B3]

In circle with center O , diameter AB and a chord AD are drawn. Another circle drawn with OA as diameter to cut AD at C. Prove that BD=2OC.

## Algorithm

In figure, AB is the diameter of circle ${\displaystyle C_{1}}$ and AO is the diameter of the circle ${\displaystyle C_{2}}$
∠ADB=90° and ∠ACO=90° [∵angles in the semi circles]
∠DAB=∠CAO [∵common angles]
${\displaystyle {\frac {AB}{OA}}}$=${\displaystyle {\frac {BD}{OC}}}$=${\displaystyle {\frac {AD}{AC}}}$ [∵corresonding sides of a similar triangles are proportional]
But AB=2OA----1 (∵diameter is twice the radius of a cicle)
${\displaystyle {\frac {AB}{OA}}}$=${\displaystyle {\frac {BD}{OC}}}$
from (1)
${\displaystyle {\frac {2OA}{OA}}}$=${\displaystyle {\frac {BD}{OC}}}$
∴BD=2OC

# Problem-7 [Ex-15.4-A3]

In the figure AB=10cm,AC=6cm and the radius of the smaller circle is xcm. find x.

## Interpretation of the problem

1. In the given figure two circles touch internally.
2. OB and OF are the radii of the semicircle with center "O".
3. PC and PF are the radii of the circle with center "P".

## Ex 4.4.2

1. Suppose two chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre of the circle, prove that the chords have equal length.

DATA :- Let AB & CD are the two chords which are equidistant from the centre 'O' of the circle. [ Here OP is the perpendicular distance from the centre O to the chord AB and OQ is the perpendicular distance from the centre O to the chord CD] OP = OQ.

TO PROVE :- AB = CD,

CONSTRUCTION :- Join OA & OD.

PROOF :-

    {[Consider  In ∆AOP & ∆DOQ                              OA = OD                              OP = OQ                 Angle APO = Angle DQO                        ∆AOP ≡ ∆DOQ                             AP = DQ    Let  AB = AP + BP                 = AP + AP                 = 2AP           AB = 2DQ ---------- 1.   and  CD = CQ + DQ                 = DQ + DQ           CD = 2DQ --------- 2.  From equtn 1 & equtn 2            AB = CD


Radii of the circle Equi distances from circle

SAS Axiom


Acording to properties of SAS axiom.

Perpendicular drawn from centre to chord which bisect the chord, i.e. AP = BP.

Perpendicular drawn from centre to chord which bisect the chord, i.e. CQ = DQ Acording to AXIOM-1]}

angle

 Steps Explanation Explanation for thestep Write the step Explanation for thestep

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