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#[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Activity_No_2 to show structure of stomata]
#[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Activity_No_2 to show structure of stomata]
#[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Activity_No_3 oxygen is released during photosynthesis]
#[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Activity_No_3 oxygen is released during photosynthesis]
=Lab activities as investigations and for Formative Assessments=
<mm>[[Experimentation in science.mm|Flash]]</mm>
==Setting up a ;ab activity as an inquiry - An example==
===Experiment: Testing the hardness of water===
The focus of this discussion is to see how we can make a lab activity an exercise in doing of science.
===Materials===
*Burner/ Spirit Lamp
*Test Tube holder
*Matches
*Samples of water
*Test tubes – to be labeled as sample 1/ 2/ so on
*Washing soda/ piece of soap
===Process===
*The developmental questions should focus on what we are observing, what is the reason for the observation. These discussions become the basis for the theory class.
*The focus is on setting up the experiment.
*In groups, ask children to investigate the water samples. Take 2 or 3 samples. Accordingly give 2/3 test tubes and labeled for students to investigate the water and study.
*There are two parts to the experiment. The first is to see whether there is any difference between the water samples. The first step is to establish that there is a difference. Then to examine what is the differene and what is the difference due to?
'''Part – I'''<br>
Boil the water samples in the test tubes. Ask the students to report on the following:
'''Questions for Observation/ Inference:'''<br>
#What did you notice when you boiled the water?
#How long did it take to boil?
#In which sample did you notice the difference?
#What did you observe? (boil fast/ slow, white powder)
#What do you think is the reason?
#There is a difference in the water
#Where did that white powder come from? Did you add? (Yes/ No)
#It was already in the water (have you seen this elsewhere)
Some students may answer “hard water”. Then we can ask the following questions:
#What is hard in the water? What makes it hard?
(There is something dissolved in the water – there is a hard substance)
#What does the hardness do? (Lather/ no lather)
'''Part – II'''<br>
*The second part of the experiment is to study the changes in the water due to the hardness.
*To each of the samples, add the washing soap/ soda. In specified amounts and shake to form lather.
'''Questions for Observation/ Inference:'''<br>
'''''These are to be written down by students as observations'''''<br>
#What is the difference?
#How much soap did we add? How much water is there?
#How did we add/ mix the chemical?
#What is happening? The chemical you put – will it float or sink?
#Measure the amount of water left in the test tube
#Is it dissolving?
#Is the colour changing? To the chemical added/ water
#Do you notice any smell?
#Do you see any smoke or fire?
#Is it remaining in same form?
#How much water is left?
#Is there any change in temperature? (Did you measure temperature before adding the soap?)
#Did anything new come in the test tube?
#Measure the column of lather in the test tubes using a ruler.
===Inferences===
#Lather formation is more in water sample which did not have the salt deposit when boiled
#The salt deposit reduces lather; this makes the water hard.
===Conclusion===
#Some salt is there in one/ more of the samples
#Salt is causing hardness; will affect lather
#Lather in relative – hardness/ softness of water is also relative
===Further experimentation===
#To measure the amount of salt
#Comparison across samples
#Removing hardness
===Teacher Observation/ Assessment Parameters===
The teacher can observe the student doing the experiment as well as the results/ inferences and conclusions and use this as a basis for conducting further discussions as also for formative asssessments.
Parameters to observe:
#Process of doing the experiment - heating, observing, handling
#Documentation – observation, inference and the conclusion
#Participation, Attitude
#"Wrong" answers that express mis-conceptions/ intuitive beliefs about a phenomena
=News articles=
=News articles=
#[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/teachers-need-to-be-trained-to-make-classrooms-interesting-ncsm-chief/article6798010.ece Hindu news article]. He said that the present curriculum in the schools does not give importance to the non-formal learning process, through which learning gets imprinted in the memory of children for a longer period. The government should also establish science clubs. Visits to science labs, horticulture and agriculture fields should be part of the learning process in schools, he said. NCSM has already introduce a virtual lab in Chemistry and Zoology and shortly it would come out with virtual lab facilities in other branches of science and mathematics.
#[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/teachers-need-to-be-trained-to-make-classrooms-interesting-ncsm-chief/article6798010.ece Hindu news article]. He said that the present curriculum in the schools does not give importance to the non-formal learning process, through which learning gets imprinted in the memory of children for a longer period. The government should also establish science clubs. Visits to science labs, horticulture and agriculture fields should be part of the learning process in schools, he said. NCSM has already introduce a virtual lab in Chemistry and Zoology and shortly it would come out with virtual lab facilities in other branches of science and mathematics.