Rural development

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Additional References

How the topic is discussed in NCERT Books

Rural Development, NCERT Text Book Class 12, Chapter 6 is much more detailed and richer and hence worth reading.

For eg. rural development is explained as follows:

1. Development of human resources including
   1. literacy, more specifically, female literacy, education and skill development
   2. health, addressing both sanitation and public health
2. land reforms
3. development of the productive resources of each locality
4. infrastructure development like electricity, irrigation, credit, marketing, transport facilities including construction of village roads and feeder roads to nearby highways, facilities for agriculture research and extension, and information dissemination
5. special measures for alleviation of poverty and bringing about significant improvement in the living conditions of the weaker sections of the population emphasizing access to productive employment opportunities

which is a detailed explanation of the various aspects relating to rural development.

The Rural Development, NCERT Text Book Class 12, Chapter 6 in addition to explaining how crucial the development of rural areas is for India’s overall development, also explains the critical role of credit and marketing systems in rural development, the importance of diversification of productive activities to sustain livelihoods and the significance of organic farming in sustainable development, which is not covered in the Karnataka chapter.

There is a need for improving the quantity and quality of infrastructure in rural areas such as banking, marketing, storage, transport and communications etc. to realise its true potential. Diversification towards new areas such as livestock, fisheries and other non-agricultural activities is necessary not only to reduce the risk from agriculture sector but also to provide productive sustainable livelihood options to our rural people. These additional discussion sub-topics help broaden the understanding of rural development. Thus the Rural Development, NCERT Text Book Class 12, Chapter 6 is a MUST read.

Useful websites

1. Government of India website on rural development
2. Wikipedia page
3. National Institute of Rural Development

1. Journal on rural development
2. Rural development schemes and programme
3. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Gurantee Scheme
4. Prime Minister's Rural Development Fellows Scheme
5. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana - Prime Minister Village Road scheme
6. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
7. Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, a special bank setup for rural development. NABARD was created from Reserve Bank of India and has focused on rural banking to support rural development.

The above programmes will give an idea about the plans, programmes relating to rural development carried out by Government of India and Government of Karnataka.

Many non governmental organisations also work for rural development, for eg. Shri Kshethra Dharmasthala Rural Development Project, MYRADA, Bijapur Integrated Rural Development Society work in Karnataka

Reference Books

1. Rural Development, putting the last first, by Robert Chambers. Robert Chambers is an authority participatory rural appraisal.
2. Talukas can provide critical mass for India’s sustainable development, Anil K. Rajvansh, detailed discussion on various aspects of developing talukas to reduce imbalanced growth]

Teaching Outlines

Key Idea #1 Rural Development

Though population in India (and rest of the world) is rapidly urbanising,India is still largely rural. While Urban India has developed in the last two decades, rural India is lagging behind even more. Agriculture, the main occupation in rural India, has become a more difficult occupation and difficult for the large number of Indians to sustain on. Hence there is a critical need to focus on development of rural India, by adopting various approaches.

Learning objectives

1. 1. Understand the importance of rural development for overall development of India
2. Understand reasons / causes for lack of rural development as well as challenges
3. Understand the possible approaches to support rural development

Notes for teachers

Can show a trend of urbanisation of population in India and Karnataka over the last hundred years (using last ten census figures). This will give a picture of the increasing urbanisation in our country and state.

Comparison of growth in population in urban and rural areas The number of people working in agriculture can be compared with the National Income share from agriculture. While number of people is still a large percentage of total population, the share of agriculture in national income has dropped in percentage terms. This means that the people depending on agriculture are relatively worse off, compared to people in manufacturing and service sectors.

The trend of farmers suicides across the country should also be discussed as a pointer to need for rural development. Many farmers do not know of alternatives to farming and agriculture has become less remunerative. Costs of production have increased, while prices often are not remunerative. Crop failures due to various reasons create poverty. High health costs are another reason for rural poverty, due to lack of reasonable health facilities in rural areas.

Providing amenities and infrastructure in rural areas is seen as an important method to reduce rural poverty and reduce migration to crowded urban areas. The PURA idea of ex President Dr Kalam is one such.

Activities

1. Activity No #1 rural development rural development activity1
2. Activity No #2 rural development rural development activity2

Key Idea #2 Decentralisation

A key factor for rural development is decentralisation. Power centres tend to locate in urban locations - national, state, district capitals are all urban settings. Moving power and authority from urban settings to rural settings is critical for rural development

Activities

1. Activity No #1 rural development decentralisation activity1
2. Activity No #2 rural development decentralisation activity2

Key Idea #3 Women and rural development

Activities

1. Activity No #1 rural development women and rural development activity1
2. Activity No #2 rural development women and rural development activity2

Textbook Feedback

Chapter 3 is very well written and gives a good picture of the need for rural development.

Spelling errors

censes - should be census

can be explained better

'Development techniques enabled only urban development'. Saying 'only' is too severe and incorrect, better ot say 'Development techniques largely enabled urban development'