ಕನ್ನಡ: ಶಿಕ್ಷಣಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ

ಭಾರತೀಯ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ತಜ್ಞರು

೧.ಮಹಾತ್ಮ ಗಾಂಧೀಜಿ (೧೮೬೯-೧೯೪೮)

• M.K.Gandhi's Educational Philosophy
  

When we talk about Gandhiji, automatically certain ideals come to our mind i.e. truth, nonviolence, simplicity, love for all, leadership, dignity of labour and implementation or practicising ideas rather than just propagating them. These ideals or qualities reflected to educational philosophy of Gandhiji.

• Definition:-
  

“By education I mean all-around development, drawing out of the best in the child-man body, mind and spirit.” Literacy according to him is neither the end of education nor even the beginning. It is one of the means whereby man and woman can be educated. Literacy in itself is not education.” Gandhiji gave the concept of 3 r’s and 3 HE’s
Hand-psychomotor domain/skills
Heart-spiritual domain/skills
Head-Cognitive domain/skills
3r’s :Read, write and arithmatic
Gandhiji emphasized certain ideals, practical work and the potentiality of students in education. It is education through which we can find out the potential of the students and teach them certain ideals which will help them to be a good citizen and through practical activities students will be in a position to think practically and they will be attentive and active, this will help them to mould their character. Thus Gadhian education has been characterized as encompassing the head, the heart and the hands that means the all-around development of child. According to him education is that which draws out and stimulates the spiritual, intellectual and physical faculties of children. Thus Gandhiji’s purpose of education is to raise man to a higher order through full development of the individual and the evolution of a “new man.” Aims of Education :-
1. Bread and Butter aim:
Bread and Butter aim refers to utilitarian aim which is an immediate requirement. Gandhiji focused on education that provides learning while learning. This has to be a tool with each and every learner. S/he can remove unemployment keeping in mind the poverty and unemployment of India. Gandhiji focused and suggested industrial training and development of manual skills and handicraft as subject of education which will give satisfaction to the educand of his earning and self reliance but also it will be proved as a support to his/her family and nation at large. 2. Cultural Aim:-
According to Gandhiji cultural aspect of education is more important than the literacy. Culture is the foundation, the primary thing which the girls ought to get from here. It should show in the smallest detail of your conduct and personal behaviour, how to sit , how to walk, how to dress etc. it is the education through which students or everyone learn the glorious culture of the country-India, its incredible arts, religions and so on. Education is the device which makes them familiar with our great culture and it is to be taught that how do they adopt and what is the importance of value of our culture. Thus Gandhiji laid much emphasis on cultural aim of education and recommended that Geeta and Ramayana to be taught as a means of introducing students to their rich cultural and spiritual heritage. 3. Harmonious development:-
Education should develop all the three levels i. e. 3RS- read, write and arithmetic. The education should help in feeling what is taught and what happens to him and to express, what he feels and also what he wants to do. So all the faculties of person should be developed. Writing and reading will make him literate and arithmetic will help in calculating day-to-day expenses and more importantly it will help in logical thinking and analyzing things. 4. Moral Aim:-
Education should make person aware of what is right & wrong. It inculcates in us values and manners and moulds our character. Gandhiji focused more on character building than on literacy. According to him development of personality was more significant than accumulation of intellectual tools and academic knowledge. And we also believed that an educand should be taught non-violence, truth, and importance of thoughts, word and deed. 5. Social and individual Aim:-
The aim of education of Gandhiji is both social and individual. He wanted individual perfection and a new social order based on “Truth” & “Non-violence”. Education trains an individual and makes him an ideal citizen who will help his nation. An individual learns so many things from surrounding, culture, society and so on and he progresses simultaneously society progresses because the individuals’ growth is nothing but the growth of the society and nation. 6. Ultimate Aim:-
Self-realization is the ultimate aim of life as well as of education. Through education everyone understands about themselves and get answer of the universal question who am I? It is the education which helps them to understand their existence and its purpose. It is the spiritual education which provides knowledge of God and self-realization. The individuals recognize their potentials or abilities and prove them as ideal citizens of their nation via education. It is the education which makes them familiar with spirituality and different religious and finally every individual realize what they are? This is the self-realization- the ultimate aim of education. In the words of Gandhiji- “true education should result not in material power but in spiritual force. It must strengthen man’s faith in God and not awaken It.” he further adds “Development of the whole-all were directed towards the realization of the ultimate reality –the merger of the finite being in to infinite.”
Tyeps of Education:
After the Zakir Hussain’s report of education Gandhiji initiated a concept of Sarvoday Society. Gandhiji has given six types of education under the Sarvoday society.
1.Basic Education
2. Buniyadi Talim
3. Nay Talim
4. National Education
5. Wardha Shikshan/Education
6. Life Education
Major Components of Education
1 .Free and compulsory Education:-
Gandhiji advocated free and compulsory education for all because within the age of group 7 to 14 everyone enables to read, write, and count the basic expenses or sums. If the education is not free and compulsory then students who are coming from poor families remain illiterate who will be the future of India. He wanted to combine the primary with secondary education and called: it “English less Matriculation”
2. The curriculum:-
According to Gandhiji curriculum of the basic education should be consisted of the craft, the mother tongue of the students, social studies, natural science and music.

• He introduced the following subjects:-
  

A. The craft:
Gandhiji believed in the utilization of swadeshi things so the Basic National Education aimed at providing education through the medium of craft or productive work. The basic craft which may be agriculture or spinning and weaing or card board, wood and metal work, gardening, leather work etc. His curriculum was activity centered which should transform the schools in to “place of work, experimentation and discovery.”
B. Mother Tongue:-
Gandhiji emphasized the mother tongue to be the medium of instruction. Mother tongue would enable the children to express themselves effectively and clearly. If a student/child learns through mother tongue then he can easily learn ethical and moral values and importance of national heritage. According to him if English is to be taught as medium of instruction then it hinders the development of understanding and clarity of thoughts/ideas.
C. Subjects:-
Gandhiji emphasized mathematics, social studies, general science including nature study botany, zoology, chemistry, astronomy, hygiene, physical culture and knowledge of stars. According to him mathematics helps the students to solve the numerical and geometrical problems connected with craft and community life and in teaching of mathematics emphasis were laid on practical measuring and field work. Teaching of mathematics helped the students to develop their reasoning capacities.
Social studies was a combination of some subjects like History, Geography, Civics and Economics. It was introduced to enable the students to understand and appreciate their own culture and also to understand nature and function of family state and the nation and their inter-relationship. General science is necessary from the point of view of knowing our health, hygiene and also to think logically the cause and effect relationship. It gives students an intelligent and appreciate outlook on nature. It forms in the students the habit of accurate observation and of testing experience by experiment. Domestic science was initially for both boys and girls but how it is limited to girls only. It is necessary to learn about how to manage house and its expense. Drawing and music were included in the curriculum to develop creativity in boys and girls. Drawing has its importance at three levels, it develops expression skill through drawing, it touches to imaginative faculty of mind and also focuses on aesthetic sense to appreciate art at both level- artist’s and interpreter’s level.

• Basic curriculum includes three things:
  

1. Physical environment i.e. seen and felt which compresses biology, botany, zoology, geography and astrology.
2. Child’s social environment which contain his interaction with society- his work as individual and as a member of society.
3. The child’s craft work which helps in knowing craft- how to weave, learning to do something which lead to productivity. Principles of Basic Education:
1. Free and Compulsory Education:-
Gandhiji regarding basic education or bunyadi talim, has given his views that education is i.e. elementary education should be free of charge and all should get educated so that they can do minute calculations of daily life expense, read and write. This is necessary because this will make a person live independently. 2. Mother tongue as a medium of education:-
Gandhiji emphasized the mother tongue to be the medium of instruction. Mother tongue would enable the children to express themselves effectively and clearly. If a student/child learns through mother tongue then he can easily learn ethical and moral values and importance of national heritage. According to him if English is to be taught as medium of instruction then it hinders the development of understanding and clarity of thoughts/ideas. 3. Craft centeredness:-
Learners should get exposure to learn skills and craft like knitting, weaving, agricultural activities, cooking which make them self-dependent because they will not only earn on their own but also develop three domains:- 1. Physical Domain – by doing physical work like agriculture which will give good physical exercise.
2. Psycho-motor Domain- by developing social skills- how to behave, how to work in groups; how to co-ordinate.
3. Cognitive Domain- by developing thinking skill, analyzing, estimating- what would be the expense to prepare craft and how much material will be required.
Gandhiji also suggested there should be any inferiority or superiority regarding work.We should do every work/everything with the thinking that those works are mine and they have value whether it is sweeping or working in an office.
4. Self-sufficiency:-Basic education should provide such training that one can realize that immediate aim- earning- after or during basic education. Earning for one’s own self and satisfying one’s needs. 5. Co-related teaching:- Gandhiji considered knowledge as a whole that is each and every subject interrelated. While doing craft work, it requires economical skills to buy material and to keep estimate how much it would require. It will also require mathematical skills to calculate the earnings and so on. As the subject should be taught which will lead to all-round development, students should develop love for subjects to learn them. 6. Non-violence:- One of the aims of basic education is to prepare ideal and responsible citizen who will develop virtues like non-violence so that they are not attracted by violence and other anti-social activities. If each would try to inculcate this value then there will be peace and harmony among the citizen of India. There will not disagreement and it will good understanding with each other. 7. Ideal citizen:- Education makes man to think from broader and ideal perceptive therefore Gandhiji focused on preparing ideal citizens of the nation who are responsible and sensible to nation, duties and rights. Education of civics will give them civic sense- rights and duties to the nation, how government works and it exist. History will make them aware of golden days as well as of the bravery of the nation, heroes who fought for the freedom of India which will lift their nationalistic feeling.

• Basic education and the role of a Teacher:
  

The teacher has higher responsibilities. He has to develop values among the learners. The teacher should follow morality. There should not be any dark patch on his character because he is role model for many students. Gandhiji says-“education of the heart could only be done through the living touch of the teacher.” Education becomes effective and faithful only to the extent to which there is personal touch between the teacher and the taught. It will be very difficult to achieve character building in the absence of devotion to the teacher. He should have devotion to duty, to the students and to God. He is to play the role of a mother. An ideal teacher in Gandhiji’s word is the “mother teacher.” He says I used the word “mother teacher” because the teacher must really be a mother of children.

• Gandhiji as an Idealist:-
  

Gandhiji had very high ideals that he followed ideals like simplicity, truthfulness, non violence. He had not only there principles in mind but also plasticized them in his life.

• Gandhiji as a Pragmatist:-
  

Pragmatist is one who solves problem in a realistic way. Gandhiji believed that the best way to learn is by doing and it is believed that when you learn by doing you remember 90% and it leads to knowledge. Pragmaticism is the hallmark of Gandhian philosophy.
Gandhiji as a Naturalist:-
He believed that Nature is the best source of knowledge.

ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಸಿದ್ದಾಂತ

• ಮಹಾತ್ಮ ಗಾಂಧಿಯವರ ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕವಾದ:-

ಇವರು ನಿಸರ್ಗವು ಜ್ಞಾನ ಸಂಪಾದನೆಯ ಉತ್ತಮಮಾರ್ಗ ಎಂಬುದರಲ್ಲಿ ನಂಬಿಕೆ ಇರಿಸಿದ್ದರು.

• http://ijmer.in/pdf/volume1-issue4-2012/81-91.pdf
• http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/sept-oct2006/engpdf/11-15.pdf
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLQ-cSq3eis
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBhIq2WsfJI

ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ದ ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಹೇಳಿಕೆಗಳು

• ಸಚ್ಛಾರಿತ್ರ್ಯದ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆಯೇ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣದ ಆರಂಭ. - ಮಾಹಾತ್ಮ ಗಾಂಧೀಜಿ.

೨.ರವೀಂದ್ರನಾಥ ಠಾಕೂರ್‌ (೧೮೬೯-೧೯೪೮)

ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಸಿದ್ದಾಂತ

ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕವಾದ

ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಗುರಿಗಳು

1. ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಯ ಮೂಲ ತತ್ವ
2. ಸಂತೋಷ ವಿಹಾರ(ನಡೆದಾಡುವಾಗ) ಪದ್ದತಿ
3. ಚರ್ಚೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೋತ್ತರ ಮಾದರಿ
4. ಆಟ ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ವಯಂ ಕಲಿಕೆ

ಬೋಧನಾ ಪದ್ದತಿ

• ಶಾಂತಿನಿಕೇತನದ ವೀಡಿಯೋ
• Shantiniketan - The Abode of Peace
• Shantiniketan -The Abode of Peace 2
• Rare videos of Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore 1861-1941

೩.ಜಿಡ್ಡು ಕೃಷ್ಣಮೂರ್ತಿ (೧೮೯೫-೧೯೮೬)

ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಪರಿಚಯ

• ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯದಲ್ಲಿನ ಜಿಡ್ಡು ಕೃಷ್ಣಮೂರ್ತಿರವರ ಪರಿಚಯ

ನಾವು ಧನ. ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠೆ, ಅಧಿಕಾರ, ಗೌರವ, ಘನತೆಗಳೆಲ್ಲವನ್ನೂ ಸಾಧಿಸಿದ್ದೇವೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಇವುಗಳ ಸಾಧನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವತಃ ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು ನಾವು ಕಳೆದುಕೊ೦ಡಿದ್ದೇವೆ. ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು ಸ೦ಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಕಳೆದುಕೊ೦ಡಿದ್ದೇವೆ. ಸಾಧನೆಯ ವಿಷಯದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನನ್ನನ್ನು ನೀವು ಕೇಳಿದರೆ ನಾನು; 'ನೀವು ಕಳೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಸಿದ್ಧರಾಗಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಮ್ಮನ್ನೇ ನೀವು ಹೊ೦ದುವಿರಿ. ಅದೇ ನೀವು ರಕ್ಷಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಯತ್ನಿಸಿದರೆ ನಿಮ್ಮನ್ನೇ ನೀವು ಕಳೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಿರಿ, ಸ೦ಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಕಳೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಿರಿ.

ಯಾವಾಗ ನೀನು ಪೂರ್ತಿಯಾಗಿ ಅಹ೦ಕಾರದಿ೦ದ ಮುಕ್ತನಾಗುತ್ತೀಯೋ ಆಗ ಒ೦ದು ಅನುಶಾಸನ ನಿನ್ನಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ಒ೦ದು ಆ೦ತರಿಕ ಅನುಶಾಸನ. ಇದು ಯಾವುದೇ ಕಾರಣದಿ೦ದಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಅದು ಏನನ್ನೂ ಬಯಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಇದು ತನ್ನಷ್ಟಕ್ಕೇ ತಾನೇ ಉ೦ಟಾಗುವುದು. ಹೇಗೆ ನೀನು ಉಸಿರಾಡುತ್ತೀಯೋ, ಹಸಿದಾಗ ಊಟಮಾಡುತ್ತಿಯೋ, ಹೇಗೆ ನಿದ್ದೆ ಬ೦ದಾಗ ಹಾಸಿಗೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಮಲಗುತ್ತೀಯೋ ಹಾಗೆ. ಇದು ಒ೦ದು ಸುವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ ಮತ್ತು ಆ೦ತರಿಕವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

ಈ ಜಗತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವ ಮಹತ್ವಾಕಾ೦ಕ್ಷೆಯಿಲ್ಲದೆ, ನಾವು ಇರುವ ಹಾಗೆ ಬದುಕಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲವೇನು? ನಿಮ್ಮ ಸದ್ಯದ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಯನ್ನು, ಪರಿವರ್ತನೆಯ ಯಾವ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನವೂ ಇಲ್ಲದೆ ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾದರೆ, ಅಗ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಇರುವಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ರೂಪಾ೦ತರವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಜಗತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ನಮ್ಮ ಪಾಡಿಗೆ ನಾವು, ಅನಾಮಿಕರಾಗಿ, ಹೆಸರಿನ ಹ೦ಬಲವಿಲ್ಲದೆ, ಮಹತ್ವಾಕಾ೦ಕ್ಷೆಯಿಲ್ಲದೆ, ಕ್ರೌರ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲದೆ ಬದುಕಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವೆ೦ದು ನನಗೆ ತೋರುತ್ತದೆ. ಸ್ವ೦ತಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಮಹತ್ವವನ್ನು ಕೊಡದೆ ಹೋದರೆ ಸ೦ತೋಷವಾಗಿ ಬದುಕಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯ. ಈ ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆಯೂ ಸರಿಯಾದ ಶಿಕ್ಷಣದ ಭಾಗವೇ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಇಡೀ ವಿಶ್ವವು ಯಶಸ್ಸನ್ನು ಆರಾಧಿಸುತ್ತಿದೆ. ನಮಗೆ ದುಃಖದ ಕಾರಣಗಳನ್ನು ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊ೦ಡು ಪರಿಹರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಕ್ಕಿ೦ತ ಯಶಸ್ಸಿನ ಸ೦ಪಾದನೆಯೇ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ. ಗುಲಾಬಿ ಅಥವಾ ಲಿಲ್ಲಿ ಎ೦ದಿಗೂ ಇರುವುದಕ್ಕಿ೦ತ ಬೇರೆಯಾಗಿ ಕಾಣಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ತನ್ನ೦ತೆ ತಾನಿರುವುದೇ ಅವುಗಳ ಸೌ೦ದರ್ಯ.

• • • • J krishnamurthy

ಕೃತಿಗಳ ಪರಿಚಯ

1. pdf ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಓದಲು ಕ್ಲಿಕ್ಕಿಸಿರಿ
2. ಕನ್ನಡ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳು

ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಸಿದ್ದಾಂತ

1. https://sampada.net/article/17357
2. http://www.prajavani.net/article/ಜಿಡ್ಡು-ನೆನಪಿನಲ್ಲಿ
3. ಚಲನಶೀಲ ಬದುಕು- ಕಲಿಕೆ (ಜಿಡ್ಡು ಚಿಂತನೆಗಳು)-ಜಿಡ್ಡು ಕೃಷ್ಣಮೂರ್ತಿ-ಅನು: ಡಾ. ಮಹಾಬಲೇಶ್ವರ ರಾವ್-ವಸಂತ ಪ್ರಕಾಶನ, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
4. ಜಿಡ್ಡು ಕೃಷ್ಣಮೂರ್ತಿ ರವರ ವೀಡಿಯೋಗಳನ್ನು ವೀಕ್ಷಿಸಲು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ಲಿಕ್ಕಿಸಿರಿ

ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ದ ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಹೇಳಿಕೆಗಳು

• ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಸರಿಯಾಗಿ ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡರೆ ಉತ್ತರ ಅದರ ಒಳಗಿಂದಲೇ ಸಿಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಉತ್ತರ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಯಿಂದ ಬೇರೆಯಲ್ಲ.
• ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಅಂಟಿಕೊಂಡ ಮನಸ್ಸು ಸದಾ ಸೆರೆಯಾಳು. ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳ ಹಿಡಿತದಿಂದ ಮುಕ್ತನಾಗಿರುವ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಮಾತ್ರವೇ ಎಲ್ಲ ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳ ಆಚೆ ಇರುವುದನ್ನು ಗ್ರಹಿಸಬಲ್ಲ.
• ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ ಪ್ರತಿ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣತೆಯನ್ನು ತರಬೇಕು. ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಮುನ್ನಡೆಸುವ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ ನೀಡಬೇಕು.
• ತಿಳಿಯದೆ ಇರುವುದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಯಾರೊಬ್ಬನೂ ಭಯಪಡಲಾರ; ತಿಳಿದದ್ದು ಕೊನೆಯಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ ಎಂಬುದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಭಯಭೀತನಾಗುತ್ತಾನೆ.

ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಗುರಿಗಳು

The real purpose of education lies in helping the people to feel free from bondage,guiding people to love each other, feeling pride in helping others and to become what they want to become for realizing themselves