Difference between revisions of "Circles"

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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_History The Story of Mathematics]
 
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_History The Story of Mathematics]
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|style=" width:10%; border:none; border-radius:5px;box-shadow: 10px 10px 10px #888888; background:#f9f9ff; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; "|[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Philosophy Philosophy of Mathematics]
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| style=" width:10%; border:none; border-radius:5px;box-shadow: 10px 10px 10px #888888; background:#f9f9ff; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; " |[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Philosophy Philosophy of Mathematics]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Pedagogy Teaching of Mathematics]
 
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Pedagogy Teaching of Mathematics]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Curriculum_and_Syllabus Curriculum and Syllabus]
 
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Curriculum_and_Syllabus Curriculum and Syllabus]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Topics Topics in School Mathematics]
 
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Mathematics:_Topics Topics in School Mathematics]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Text_Books#Mathematics_-_Textbooks Textbooks]
 
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Text_Books#Mathematics_-_Textbooks Textbooks]
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[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Question_Papers Question Bank]
 
[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Maths:_Question_Papers Question Bank]
 
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While creating a resource page, please click here for a resource creation [http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Resource_Creation_Checklist '''checklist'''].
 
While creating a resource page, please click here for a resource creation [http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Resource_Creation_Checklist '''checklist'''].
  
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= Concept Map =
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=== Concept Map ===
 
[[File:circle.mm|flash]]
 
[[File:circle.mm|flash]]
  
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= Textbook =
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=== Additional Resources[edit | edit source] ===
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==ncert books==
 
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[http://ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm?iemh1=10-15 Class 9 Mathematics] contain simple description and theorems on circle
 
  
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=Additional Information=
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==== OER[edit | edit source] ====
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==Useful websites==
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# Web resources :
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#[http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/circle.html maths is fun] A good website on definitions for circles.
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## [http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/circle.html maths is fun] A good website on definitions for circles.
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#[http://www.coolmath.com/reference/circles-geometry.html Cool math] For clear and easy definitions.
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##[http://www.coolmath.com/reference/circles-geometry.html Cool math] For clear and easy definitions.
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#[http://www.mathopenref.com/circle.html Open reference] Contains good simulations.
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##[http://www.mathopenref.com/circle.html Open reference] Contains good simulations.
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#[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_circle#History Wikipedia] Has good explanations on circles.
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##[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_circle#History Wikipedia] Has good explanations on circles.
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#[http://www.khanacademy.org Khan academy] Has good educative videos.
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##[http://www.khanacademy.org Khan academy] Has good educative videos.
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#[http://www.arvindguptatoys.com Arvind gupta toys] Contains good information.  
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##[http://www.arvindguptatoys.com Arvind gupta toys] Contains good information.  
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#[http://nrich.maths.org/2490 nrich.maths.org] Refer for understanding Pi.
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##[http://nrich.maths.org/2490 nrich.maths.org] Refer for understanding Pi.
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# Books and journals
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## [http://archive.org/stream/schoolgeometry00hall#page/n11/mode/2up School Geometry] By Hall and Stevens. Part3 pageno 143. Contains basic definitions and proofs given by Euclid.
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# Textbooks:
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## [http://ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm?iemh1=10-15 Class 9 Mathematics] contain simple description and theorems on circle
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## [http://ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm?jemh1=10-14 CLASS 10]
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# Syllabus documents
  
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==Reference Books==
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==== Non-OER[edit | edit source] ====
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#[http://archive.org/stream/schoolgeometry00hall#page/n11/mode/2up School Geometry] By Hall and Stevens. Part3 pageno 143. Contains basic definitions and proofs given by Euclid.
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# Web resources
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##[http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/circle.html maths is fun]Here you get description of terms of circles
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##[http://www.scribd.com/doc/11489830/Circles-Intresting-Facts Intersting facts] this web link is full of circle facts.
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##[http://www.sparknotes.com/math/geometry1/circles/section4.rhtml sparknotes] Gives some more details about properties of circles
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# Books and journals
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# Textbooks
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# Syllabus documents (CBSE, ICSE, IGCSE etc)
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#
  
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= Teaching Outlines =
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=== Learning Objectives ===
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Introduction to circle
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* Appreciation of circle as an important shape as it is an intrical component in the invention of almost everything that we see around us.
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* To make students know that circle is a 2-dimensional plane circular figure.
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* All points on its edge are equidistant from the center.
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* The method of drawing a circle
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* The size of the circle is defined by its radius.
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* To elicit the difference between a bangle or a circular ring and circle as such.
  
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==Concept #1 Introduction to Circle==
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=== Teaching Outlines ===
  
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===Notes for teachers ===
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==== Concept #1 Introduction to Circle ====
 
Source: http://circlesonly.wordpress.com/tag/inventions/<br>
 
Source: http://circlesonly.wordpress.com/tag/inventions/<br>
 
Summary :
 
Summary :
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If you look through any old patent claim, you will most likely find the repeated use of circles, spheres, curves, arches, etc.  circles are everything and they are nothing. They don’t exist in reality and yet they are the basis of all that mankind has brought into existence. That is why a circle is so fantastic.
 
If you look through any old patent claim, you will most likely find the repeated use of circles, spheres, curves, arches, etc.  circles are everything and they are nothing. They don’t exist in reality and yet they are the basis of all that mankind has brought into existence. That is why a circle is so fantastic.
  
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===Learning objectives===
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=====Activities=====
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# Appreciation of circle as an important shape as it is an intrical component in the invention of almost everything that we see around us.
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======[[A discussion on “Life without circular shaped figures.”|'''A discussion on “Life without circular shaped figures.”''']]======
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# To make students know that circle is a 2-dimensional plane circular figure.
 
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# All points on its edge are equidistant from the center.
 
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# The method of drawing a circle
 
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# The size of the circle is defined by its radius.
 
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# To elicit the difference between a bangle or a circular ring and circle as such.
 
  
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====== [[Circle as a shape|'''Circle as a shape''']] ======
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[[Pi the mathematical constant|'''Pi the mathematical constant''']]
  
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[[File:circle.jpeg|200px]]
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======[[Is circle a Polygon ? - A debate|'''Is circle a Polygon ? - A debate''']]======
  
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===Activity No # 1. A discussion on  “Life without circular shaped figures.”===
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==== Concept #2 Basic terms ====
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
 
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*Estimated Time: 45 minutes
 
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*Materials/ Resources needed: Paper, pen
 
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any:
 
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Previous day homework :
 
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# Ask the children to make a list of all circular objects that they can think of :
 
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# List as many devices as you can think of  that depend on the wheel.(Consider objects in your home, at school, games and toys, machines, vehicles and engines as you make your list.)
 
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# Now imagine living in a world without any kind of wheels or rolling devices. How would life be different?  Would it be harder? How and why? Describe what it would be like to live without any wheels.
 
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*Multimedia resources
 
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*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets
 
  
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*Process:(How to do the activity)
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===== Activities =====
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Have an open discussion with children. Initially let the children share their ideas and do most of the talking. Ensure that the intended discussion remains within the context. Make a mind map on blackboard of all relavant points discussed . Let them appreciate the significance of circular shape thus setting the stage for further study of this fantastic shape called “circles”.
 
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*Developmental Questions :(What discussion questions)
 
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# What all shapes do we see around us ?
 
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# Can you imagine bicycles and your other vehicles without circular wheels ?
 
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# How different life would have been if wheel was not disovered ?
 
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# What about potter's wheel  and stone mill?
 
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# Do you think that it is necessary for us to study and understand the parameters of circle in depth and detail ?
 
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*Evaluation:
 
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# Do you all now agree that wheel is one of the greatest inventions of mankind? Justify
 
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*Question Corner:
 
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# Are  shapes important ? How?
 
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# Is bangle a circle ?
 
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# When you say shape, what do you mean ?
 
  
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===Activity No # 2. Geogebra animation to explain PI ===
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====== [[Centre of a circle|'''Centre of a circle''']] ======
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{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
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[[Radius and diameter of a circle|'''Radius and diameter of a circle''']]
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
 
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*Estimated Time
 
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*Materials/ Resources needed
 
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
 
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*Multimedia resources
 
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*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets
 
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#[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rJdkhlWZVQ&feature=youtu.be Click here for Finding Pi by Archimedes Method]. Archimedes approximated the value of Pi by starting with the fact that a regular hexagon inscribed in a unit circle has a perimeter of 6. He then found a method for finding the perimeter of a polygon with twice as many sides. Applying his method repeatedly, he found the perimeter of a 12, 24, 48, and 96 sided polygon. Using the perimeter as an approximation for the circumference of a circle he was able to derive an approximation for Pi equivalent to 3.14. This video uses a somewhat simpler method of doing the same thing and carries it out to polygons with millions of sides. All that is needed to understand the calculation is knowledge of the Pythagorean Theorem.
 
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#[http://geogebratube.org/material/show/id/144079 Geogebra file] for explaining how 'circumference / diameter' is a constant, denoted as pi (Greek letter), using a number line
 
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#An animation of the same concept.
 
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[[File:Pi 121.gif|400px]]
 
  
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*Process/ Developmental Questions
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[[Circumference of a circle|'''Circumference of a circle''']]
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Open the Geogebra file. Move the slider to 'unravel' the circumference' over the number line. Since the diameter is 1 unit (measuring from -0.5 to 0.5 on number line), the circumference ends at 3.14, showing the ratio between circumference
 
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*Evaluation
 
  
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*Question Corner
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[[Semicircle|'''Semicircle''']]
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if the diameter is increased from 1 to 2, what will the circumference be?
 
  
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===Activity No # 3. Circle of varying radius  using Geogebra  ===
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[[Interior and exterior of a circle|'''Interior and exterior of a circle''']]
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{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
 
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''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
 
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*Estimated Time: 20 mins
 
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*Materials/ Resources needed: Laptop, geogebra,projector and a pointer
 
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*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any:
 
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# Theory on circles introduction should have been done.
 
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*Multimedia resources: Laptop
 
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*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets:
 
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This geogebra file has been made by ITfC-Edu-Team.
 
  
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[[Chord of a circle|'''Chord of a circle''']]
  
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<ggb_applet width="1280" height="600" version="4.0" ggbBase64="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" enableRightClick="false" showAlgebraInput="false" enableShiftDragZoom="false" showMenuBar="false" showToolBar="false" showToolBarHelp="true" enableLabelDrags="false" showResetIcon="false" />
+
[[Arc of a circle|'''Arc of a circle''']]
  
−
*Process:
+
[[Sector of a circle|'''Sector of a circle''']]
−
Show the geogebra file and ask the following questions.
 
−
*Developmental Questions:
 
−
# What is a circle ?
 
−
# Which point is the centre of the circle ?
 
−
# What is the radius of this circle ?
 
−
# How do you name the radius ?
 
−
*Evaluation:
 
−
#By what parameter is the size of a circle defined ?
 
−
#Bigger the radius, _____________
 
−
*Question Corner:
 
−
# How do you name a circle ?
 
−
# Can you draw a circle without knowing the radius ?
 
  
−
===Activity No # 3. Is circle a Polygon ? - A debate.===
+
[[Concentric circles|'''Concentric circles''']]
−
{| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
 
−
|<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#f5f5f5; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
 
−
''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/?q=node/305 Click to Comment]''</div>
 
−
|}
 
−
*Estimated Time: 40 minutes<br>
 
−
*Materials/ Resources needed
 
−
Laptop, geogebra file, projector and a pointer.<br>
 
−
*Prerequisites/Instructions, if any
 
−
# Ensure that lesson on polygons is done.
 
−
*Multimedia resources:Laptop
 
−
*Website interactives/ links/ / Geogebra Applets: This geogebra file has been created by maths STF teachers.
 
−
<ggb_applet width="1280" height="600" version="4.0" ggbBase64="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" enableRightClick="false" showAlgebraInput="false" enableShiftDragZoom="false" showMenuBar="false" showToolBar="false" showToolBarHelp="true" enableLabelDrags="false" showResetIcon="false" />
 
−
*Process:
 
−
Demonstrate the geogebra file and ask the questions listed below.
 
−
*Developmental Questions:
 
−
# How many sides does this figure have ?
 
−
# Name the figure formed.
 
−
# What is hapenning to the length of the sides as the number of sides is increased ?
 
−
# What shape is this ?
 
−
# So, can circle be considered a polygon ? Justify
 
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*Evaluation:
 
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# Are the students able to comprehend that the number of sides is getting infinite as the shape resembles a circle ?
 
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# Are the students able to appreciate the application of polygon anology to circles.
 
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*Question Corner;
 
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Debate between two groups with these two perspectives.<br>
 
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#Circle seems to have derived from polygons . Circle can be considered a polygon.
 
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Vs     
 
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#A polygon is defined by a certain number of sides having non zero length. Then how can circle be  a polygon ? (hint: all radii in a circle should be equal ???)
 
  
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= Hints for difficult problems =
+
[[Congruent circles|'''Congruent circles''']]
−
== Problem-1==
 
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#Tanjents AP and AQ are drawn to circle with centre O, from an external point A. Prove that  ∠PAQ=2.∠OPQ <br>
 
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[[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Class10_circles_tangents_problems '''Solution''']]
 
  
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== Ex 4.4.2==
+
==== Concept #3: Theorems and properties ====
−
#Suppose two chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre of the circle, prove that the chords have equal length.
 
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'''DATA''' :-  Let AB & CD are the two chords which are equidistant from the centre 'O'  of the circle.  [ Here OP is the perpendicular distance from  the centre O to the chord AB and OQ is the perpendicular distance from  the centre O to the chord CD] OP = OQ.
 
  
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'''TO PROVE :-''' AB = CD,
+
===== Activities =====
  
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'''CONSTRUCTION :-''' Join OA & OD.
+
====== The longest chord passes through the centre of the circle ======
−
 
 
−
'''PROOF :-'''
 
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    {[Consider  In ∆AOP & ∆DOQ
 
−
                              OA = OD
 
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                              OP = OQ
 
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                  Angle APO = Angle DQO
 
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                        ∆AOP ≡ ∆DOQ
 
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                            AP = DQ
 
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    Let  AB = AP + BP
 
−
                  = AP + AP
 
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                  = 2AP
 
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            AB = 2DQ ---------- 1.
 
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    and  CD = CQ + DQ
 
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                  = DQ + DQ
 
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            CD = 2DQ --------- 2.
 
−
  From equtn 1 & equtn 2
 
−
            AB = CD
 
−
 
 
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Radii of the circle
 
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Equi distances from circle
 
−
 
 
−
SAS Axiom
 
−
Acording to properties of  SAS axiom.
 
−
 
 
−
Perpendicular drawn from centre to chord which 
 
−
bisect the chord, i.e. AP = BP.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
Perpendicular drawn from centre to chord which 
 
−
bisect the chord, i.e. CQ = DQ
 
−
Acording to AXIOM-1]}
 
−
 
 
−
angle
 
−
{|class="wikitable"
 
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|-
 
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|'''Steps'''
 
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|'''Explanation'''
 
−
|-
 
−
|[[Image:solution.png|300px]]
 
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|Explanation for thestep
 
−
|-angle
 
−
|Write the step
 
−
|Explanation for thestep
 
−
|}
 
−
|}
 
  
−
= Project Ideas =
+
=====[[Class10 circles tangents problems|Solved problems/ key questions (earlier was hints for problems).]]=====
−
{{#widget:YouTube|id=2xOkEnUu_eY}}
+
===Projects (can include math lab/ science lab/ language lab) ===
 +
#Collect different types of circular objects
 +
#Collect different '''Pie Charts'''.
 +
#Collect different photographs of tools of cutting circles
 +
#Collect different coins of circular shape
 +
#Collect different images of medals
  
−
= Math Fun =
+
===Assessments - question banks, formative assessment activities and summative assessment activities===

Revision as of 12:39, 7 May 2019

ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ನೋಡಿ

The Story of Mathematics

Philosophy of Mathematics

Teaching of Mathematics

Curriculum and Syllabus

Topics in School Mathematics

Textbooks

Question Bank

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Concept Map

[maximize]

Additional Resources[edit | edit source]

OER[edit | edit source]

  1. Web resources :
    1. maths is fun A good website on definitions for circles.
    2. Cool math For clear and easy definitions.
    3. Open reference Contains good simulations.
    4. Wikipedia Has good explanations on circles.
    5. Khan academy Has good educative videos.
    6. Arvind gupta toys Contains good information.
    7. nrich.maths.org Refer for understanding Pi.
  2. Books and journals
    1. School Geometry By Hall and Stevens. Part3 pageno 143. Contains basic definitions and proofs given by Euclid.
  3. Textbooks:
    1. Class 9 Mathematics contain simple description and theorems on circle
    2. CLASS 10
  4. Syllabus documents

Non-OER[edit | edit source]

  1. Web resources
    1. maths is funHere you get description of terms of circles
    2. Intersting facts this web link is full of circle facts.
    3. sparknotes Gives some more details about properties of circles
  2. Books and journals
  3. Textbooks
  4. Syllabus documents (CBSE, ICSE, IGCSE etc)

Learning Objectives

  • Appreciation of circle as an important shape as it is an intrical component in the invention of almost everything that we see around us.
  • To make students know that circle is a 2-dimensional plane circular figure.
  • All points on its edge are equidistant from the center.
  • The method of drawing a circle
  • The size of the circle is defined by its radius.
  • To elicit the difference between a bangle or a circular ring and circle as such.

Teaching Outlines

Concept #1 Introduction to Circle

Source: http://circlesonly.wordpress.com/tag/inventions/
Summary : The circle is the most primitive and rudimentary of all human inventions, and at the same time, the most dynamic. It is the cornerstone in the foundation of science and technology. It is the basic tool of all engineers and designers. It is used by the greatest artists and architects in the history of mankind. Without a circular shape the wheel, pulleys, gears, ball bearings and a thousand other items we take for granted wouldn’t exist. And of course we would never have the pleasure of driving a car, riding a giant wheel, or watching the moon landing on our television set.
If you look through any old patent claim, you will most likely find the repeated use of circles, spheres, curves, arches, etc. circles are everything and they are nothing. They don’t exist in reality and yet they are the basis of all that mankind has brought into existence. That is why a circle is so fantastic.

Activities
A discussion on “Life without circular shaped figures.”
Circle as a shape

Pi the mathematical constant

Is circle a Polygon ? - A debate

Concept #2 Basic terms

Activities
Centre of a circle

Radius and diameter of a circle

Circumference of a circle

Semicircle

Interior and exterior of a circle

Chord of a circle

Arc of a circle

Sector of a circle

Concentric circles

Congruent circles

Concept #3: Theorems and properties

Activities
The longest chord passes through the centre of the circle
Solved problems/ key questions (earlier was hints for problems).

Projects (can include math lab/ science lab/ language lab)

  1. Collect different types of circular objects
  2. Collect different Pie Charts.
  3. Collect different photographs of tools of cutting circles
  4. Collect different coins of circular shape
  5. Collect different images of medals

Assessments - question banks, formative assessment activities and summative assessment activities

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