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Useful websites

3.1  Useful websites.:

1. [1] 2.[2]

Reference Books

1. NCERT Text Books.

2. PUC Ist year and 2nd Year Text Books.

Teaching Outlines

Concept Bacteria

1. Habitat and size of Bacteria.
2. Classification of bacteria (based on shapes)
3. Structure of bacteria.

Brief Notes:

Habitat and size of bacteria:

Bacteria (/bækˈtɪəriə/ ( listen); singular: bacterium) are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.

Bacteria are found everywhwere. - even on you ! 
Approximately 2,000 species have been identified, many of them living in conditions that would destroy other organisms.
 They have been found in the almost airless reaches of the upper atmosphere, 
10 km (6 mi) below the surface of the ocean, in frozen soil, and on rocks in hot springs.
 Some bacteria produce a resting stage, the endospore, which is the most resistant living thing 
known and can be killed only by boiling in steam under pressure for many hours.

 Size of bacteria:

Thirty trillion bacteria of average size weigh about 28 g (1 oz). Bacteria are measured in microns (0.001 micrometer, about 0.00004 in) and most types range from 0.1 to 4.0 microns in width and 0.2 to 50 microns in length.

2. Classification of bacteria on the basis of shapes:
Content: Teaching Outlines.
Bacteria are neither plant nor animal. Both bacteria and plants have rigid cell walls, but unlike plants,
most kinds of bacteria move about and use organic foods for energy and growth; only a few use photosynthesis.
On the basis of their shapes,bacteria may be grouped into three main type;

*the rod-shaped bacilli, which often have small whiplike structures known as Flagella that propel the organism; 
*the spherical cocci (singular coccus), which may grow in chains (streptococci, or strep germs," 
as in strep throat) or which may clump together like   a bunch of grapes Istrphylococci);
*and the comma or spiral shape spirilla and prirochetes (one of which is the cause of syphilis).

other kind of bacteria, the mycoplasmas, have no rigid cell walls and consequently are called pleuropneumonialike organisms,
because they cause a contagious pneumonia in cows and human beings.
3) Structure of Bacteria :
Structure of Bacterial Cell
Bacterial is very small, simple unicellular organisms with a length varying from 2 to 5.
On the basis of shape bacteria are either coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod shape), spirillum (spiral) or vibro (comma) types.
On the basis of arrangement of flagella, these may be atrichous (flagellum absent)
monotrichous (one flagellum at one end), leptotrichous (bunch of flagella on one side), amphitrichous (flagella on whole surface).
Internal structure:

Cell wall:

Bacterial cell is surrounded by a prominent cell wall constituted by polysaccharides, lipids and proteins.
The cell wall is permeable to water and ions of small molecules.
Slime layer and capsule:
Some bacterial cells are completely enveloped by a slimy layer, which is relatively thick to form the capsule. Capsulated bacteria are more harmful. Capsule protects the cell from antibodies and desiccation.
Mesosomes:
Mesosomes take part in aerobic respiration and it is found in gram positive bacteria. The protoplasm is either transparent or granular.
Protoplasm:
Below the cell wall, the plasma membrane is present. Plasma membrane at certain points forms coiled invaginations called Mesosomes.
Cytoplasm:
Cytoplasm is composed of complex proteins, lipids and mineral, nucleic acid and water.
Glycogen is the reserve food material. It contains 70S type of ribosomes.
Other organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria; Golgi complex, etc. are absent.
However, in photosynthetic bacteria some pigments are present (bacterio chlorophyll).
Nucleoid:
Bacteria are prokaryotes, there is no well-organised nucleus. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus are absent.
At the center there is a clear zone called nucleoid where only a single naked chromosome (without histone protein, only DNA)
is present in a very much coiled form.
Episomes
In addition to the DNA in some bacterial cells an additional circular DNA is present in the cytoplasm. It is called as episome or plasmid.

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Bacteria

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